Amsterdam

===Immigration===

In the 16th and 17th century, non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly Protestant [[Huguenot]]s and [[Flemish people|Flemings]], [[Sephardic Jews]], and [[Westphalia]]ns. Huguenots came after the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] in 1685, while the Flemish Protestants came during the [[Eighty Years' War]] against Catholic Spain. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons; their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Before the Second World War, 10% of the city population was [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Jewish]]. Just twenty percent of them survived the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Netherlands |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-netherlands |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref>

The first mass immigration in the 20th century was by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s [[Foreign worker|guest workers]] from Turkey, Morocco, Italy, and Spain emigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area. Other immigrants, including refugees [[Right of asylum|asylum seekers]] and [[Illegal immigration|undocumented immigrants]], came from Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like [[Almere]] and [[Purmerend]], prompted by the third [[Land-use planning]] bill of the Dutch Government. This bill promoted suburbanization and arranged for new developments in so-called "groeikernen", literally ''cores of growth''. Young professionals and artists moved into neighborhoods [[De Pijp]] and the [[Jordaan]] abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the [[Public housing|social housing]] projects in Amsterdam-West and the Bijlmer. Today, people of non-Western origin make up approximately one-fifth of the population of Amsterdam, and more than 30% of the city's children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background | date=August 2006 |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2006/2006-1995-wm.htm?RefererType=Favorite |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref><ref name="OS 4351">{{Cite web |title=Bevolking naar herkomstgroepering, 1&nbsp;January 2001–2006 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807180418/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek (Research and Statistics Service) |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2004 |title=Most foreign babies born in big cities |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2004/2004-1443-wm.htm |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref> A slight majority of the residents of Amsterdam have at least one parent who was born outside the country. However, a much larger majority has at least one parent who was born inside the country (intercultural marriages are common in the city). Thus, while the demographics are changing, the city still has an ethnic Dutch majority. Only one in three inhabitants under 15 is an ''autochthon'', or a person who has two parents of Dutch origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terpstra |first=Jendra |date=28 March 2017 |title=Wit is de 'nieuwe minderheid' in grote steden |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/wit-is-de-nieuwe-minderheid-in-grote-steden~ae48e435/ |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Trouw.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Segregation along ethnic lines is clearly visible, with people of non-Western origin, considered a separate group by [[Statistics Netherlands]], concentrating in specific neighborhoods especially in [[Amsterdam Nieuw-West|Nieuw-West]], [[Zeeburg]], [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] and in certain areas of [[Amsterdam-Noord]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Statistics on a map |newspaper=NRC |date=14 February 2012 |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/02/14/statistiek-saai-cbs-cijfers-komen-tot-leven-op-een-kaart/ |language=nl |last1=Poort |first1=Arlen }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Neighborhood |url=http://www.cbsinuwbuurt.nl/#pageLocation=index |language=nl}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Residents of Amsterdam with a recent migration background, by country of birth of parent (mother - or if mother is Dutch - father)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/ |title=CBS Statline |website=opendata.cbs.nl}}</ref>
|-
! Country or territory || Population
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}} || style="text-align:right;"|77,210
|-
|{{flag|Suriname}} || style="text-align:right;"|64,218
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}} || style="text-align:right;"|44,465
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}} || style="text-align:right;"|24,075
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}  || style="text-align:right;"|19,374
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || style="text-align:right;"|15,338
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}  || style="text-align:right;"|12,847
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch Caribbean]] || style="text-align:right;"|12,174
|-
|{{flag|United States}} || style="text-align:right;"|11,582
|-
|Others || style="text-align:right;"|484,982
|}

In 2000, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (8%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |title=Religie Amsterdam |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004546/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bureau of Onderzoek en Statistiek: 'Geloven in Amsterdam' |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In 2015, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (7.1%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="auto"/>