September 11 attacks Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Reactions == {{Main|Reactions to the September 11 attacks}} {{See also|Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks}} The 9/11 attacks resulted in immediate responses to the event, including [[U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks|domestic reactions]]; [[Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks|closings and cancellations]]; [[hate crime]]s; [[Islam in the United States|Muslim-American]] responses to the event; [[Reactions to the September 11 attacks|international responses to the attack]]; and [[U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks|military responses to the events]]. Shortly after the attacks, a [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] fund that was created by an [[Act of Congress]] named the [[September 11th Victim Compensation Fund]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Feinberg |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5j6N5LTz1N0C |title=Who Gets What: Fair Compensation after Tragedy and Financial Upheaval |date=2012 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1-58648-977-9 |location=New York |access-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207114436/https://books.google.com/books?id=5j6N5LTz1N0C |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Feinberg, Kenneth. ''What is Life Worth?: The Unprecedented Effort to Compensate the Victims of 9/11'' (2005), Perseus Books Group.</ref> The purpose of the fund was to compensate the victims of the attacks and their families with the ''[[quid pro quo]]'' of their agreement not to file [[lawsuit]]s against the airline corporations involved.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041030084254/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ042.107 Government statistics concerning 9-11 compensation program]</ref> Legislation authorizes the fund to disburse a maximum of $7.375 billion, including operational and administrative costs, of U.S. government funds.<ref>{{cite journal |date=3 October 2018 |title=September 11th Victim Compensation Fund: Compensation of Claims |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-10-03/pdf/2018-21490.pdf |journal=Federal Register |volume=83 |issue=192 |pages=49946–49947 |accessdate=9 April 2019 |archive-date=September 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914183424/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2018-10-03/pdf/2018-21490.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The fund was set to expire by 2020 but was in 2019 prolonged to allow claims to be filed until October 2090.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-23 |title=Senate votes to permanently extend 9/11 victims fund |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/23/jon-stewart-9-11-victims-fund-vote-1427399 |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125133852/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/23/jon-stewart-9-11-victims-fund-vote-1427399 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Epstein |first2=Kayla |date=2019-07-24 |title=Senate votes to extend 9/11 victims fund for first responders who've become sick since 2001 attacks |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/senate-votes-to-extend-911-victims-fund-for-first-responders-whove-become-sick-since-2001-attacks/2019/07/23/c9fda47e-ad68-11e9-a0c9-6d2d7818f3da_story.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=May 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529121120/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/senate-votes-to-extend-911-victims-fund-for-first-responders-whove-become-sick-since-2001-attacks/2019/07/23/c9fda47e-ad68-11e9-a0c9-6d2d7818f3da_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Immediate response === {{Further|U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks}} {{See also|Communication during the September 11 attacks}} [[File:President George W. Bush Receives Information Regarding Terrorist Attacks.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]] is briefed in [[Sarasota, Florida]], where he learned of the attacks unfolding while visiting [[Emma E. Booker Elementary School|Emma E. Booker Elementary School<!-- MESSAGE TO POST-2094: When Paul J. Richards' copyright expires 70 years after his eventual death, this current image should be replaced with the one in the link below with a caption along the lines of: "White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card informs President George W. Bush "A second plane hit the second tower. America is under attack" in Sarasota, Florida during a visit to Emma E. Booker Elementary School" https://www.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/GettyImages-150092234%20copy%202.jpeg -->]].]] [[File:9 11 Terror Attacks Historical Pentagon Briefing.webm|thumb|start=02:16|alt=Rumsfeld in front of microphone flanked by suited politicians and a General, all with grim expressions|Eight hours after the attacks, [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] declares "The Pentagon is functioning".]] At 8:32 a.m., [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] officials were notified Flight{{spaces}}11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15s]] from [[Otis Air National Guard Base]] in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had nine minutes' notice, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from [[Joint Base Langley–Eustis|Langley Air Force Base]] in Virginia at 9:30 a.m.<ref name="norad">{{cite web |title=We Have Some Planes |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf |website=The 911 Commission Report |publisher=911 Commission |access-date=September 9, 2011 |pages=20–42 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At 10:20 a.m., Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.<ref name="norad"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Cheney: Order To Shoot Down Hijacked 9/11 Planes 'Necessary' |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/04/cheney-order-to-shoot-down-hijacked-11-planes-necessary/ |access-date=September 9, 2011 |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140656/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/04/cheney-order-to-shoot-down-hijacked-11-planes-necessary/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schrader|first=Esther|title=Cheney Gave Order to Shoot Down Jets|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/18/nation/na-cheney18|access-date=September 9, 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 18, 2004|archive-date=August 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141540/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/18/nation/na-cheney18|url-status=live}}</ref> Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Steve |title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 8, 2011 |access-date=September 9, 2011 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905053526/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For the first time in U.S. history, the emergency preparedness plan called [[Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids]] (SCATANA) was invoked,<ref>{{cite web |author=Flight Data Center |title=NOTAMs/Flight Restrictions in Effect on September 13, 2001 |url=http://www.judicialwatch.org/archive/2007/Saudi%20Docs%202.pdf |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=April 13, 2007 |page=15ff |access-date=January 17, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225071325/http://www.judicialwatch.org/archive/2007/Saudi%20Docs%202.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> thus stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.<ref name="Commission">{{cite web |title=Wartime |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm |website=National Commission on Terrorists Attacks upon the United States |publisher=U.S. Congress |access-date=September 3, 2011 |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812081229/http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ben Sliney]], in his first day as the National Operations Manager of the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Andrew |date=October 4, 2006 |title=60 Seconds: Ben Sliney |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=20603&in_page_id=11 |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |location=London |access-date=April 13, 2010 |archive-date=May 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529141832/http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=20603&in_page_id=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ordered that American airspace would be closed to all international flights, causing about 500 flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]] to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers.<ref name="canadaflights">{{cite press release |title=Actions taken following September 11 terrorist attacks |date=December 11, 2001 |publisher=[[Transport Canada]] |url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2001/01_h152e.htm |access-date=September 3, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020415131425/http://www.tc.gc.ca/mediaroom/releases/nat/2001/01_h152e.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2002}}</ref> The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stein |first=Howard F. |year=2003 |title=Days of Awe: September 11, 2001 and its Cultural Psychodynamics |journal=Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1353/psy.2003.0047|s2cid=144229311}}</ref> Police and rescue workers from around the country took a leave of absence from their jobs and travelled to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 10, 2009 |title=Asthma Rates Up Among Ground Zero Workers |publisher=[[CBS News]] |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-204_162-3207507.html |access-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112192716/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-204_162-3207507.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glynn |first1=Simone A. |title=Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience |year=2003 |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=289 |issue=17 |pmid=12734136 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.17.2246 |pages=2246–2253 |last2=Busch |first2=MP |last3=Schreiber |first3=GB |last4=Murphy |first4=EL |last5=Wright |first5=DJ |last6=Tu |first6=Y |last7=Kleinman |first7=SH |collaboration=Nhlbi Reds Study Group|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 19, 2001 |title=Red Cross Woes |publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html |access-date=September 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905071729/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The deaths of adults in the attacks resulted in over 3,000 children losing a parent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=S. |last2=Schechter |first2=D. |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006 |title=Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: Relational and developmental perspectives |journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=473–89 |year=2004 |pmid=15325488}}</ref> Subsequent studies documented children's reactions to these actual losses and feared losses of life, the protective environment in the attacks' aftermath, and the effects on surviving caregivers.<ref>Schechter DS, Coates SW, First E (2002). Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks. Journal of Zero-to-Three: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families, 22(3), 9–13.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Coates |first1=Susan W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LieHtrW44_gC |title=September 11: Trauma and Human Bonds |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Jane L. |last3=Schechter |first3=Daniel S. |date=2003 |publisher=Analytic Press |isbn=978-0-88163-381-8 |language=en |access-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207114527/https://books.google.com/books?id=LieHtrW44_gC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klein |first1=T. P. |last2=Devoe |first2=E. R. |last3=Miranda-Julian |first3=C. |last4=Linas |first4=K. |title=Young children's responses to September 11th: The New York City experience |doi=10.1002/imhj.20200 |pmid=28636121 |journal=[[Infant Mental Health Journal]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |year=2009|doi-access=free }}</ref> === Domestic reactions === {{Further|U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks}}{{multiple image | total_width = 410 | image1 = Address to the Nation by President George W. Bush on September 11, 2001.webm | image2 = Remarks from Ground Zero September 14, 2001.webm | image3 = | image4 = | caption1 = President Bush addressing the nation from the [[White House]] at 8:30 PM ET | caption2 = Bush speaking to rescue workers at [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]] on September 14 }} {{Multiple image | align = | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = 911- President George W. Bush Addresses Joint Session of Congress, 09-20-2001. (6124236009).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Bush Addresses Congress 9-20-01.ogg | alt2 = | caption2 = During a speech to a joint session of Congress, President George W. Bush pledges "to defend freedom against terrorism". September 20, 2001 (audio only). | link2 = | footer = }} Following the attacks, President George W. Bush's approval rating increased to 90%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-George-Bush.aspx |title=Presidential Approval Ratings – George W. Bush |publisher=Gallup |access-date=September 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402045152/http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/presidential-approval-ratings-george-bush.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2009 }}</ref> On September 20, 2001, he addressed the nation and a joint session of Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and described his intended response to the attacks. [[Mayor of New York City|New York City mayor]] [[Rudy Giuliani]]'s [[Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks|highly visible role]] resulted in praise in New York and nationally.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pooley|first=Eric|title=Mayor of the World|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020227_2020306_2022358,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=September 4, 2011|date=December 31, 2001|archive-date=September 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930062651/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2020227_2020306_2022358,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist the attacks' victims, with the task of providing [[Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks|financial assistance]] to the [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|survivors of the attacks]] and the victims' families. By the deadline for victims' compensation on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Devlin |title=9/11 Fund Deadline Passes |publisher=CBS News |date=December 23, 2003 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/16/national/main593715.shtml |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826063644/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/16/national/main593715.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Contingency plans for the [[continuity of government]] and the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after the attacks.<ref name="Commission"/> Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title='Shadow Government' News To Congress |publisher=CBS News |date=March 2, 2002 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/01/attack/main502530.shtml |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905080451/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/03/01/attack/main502530.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history, the United States enacted the [[Homeland Security Act of 2002]], creating the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]]. Congress also passed the [[USA PATRIOT Act]], saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.<ref>{{cite web |title=The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |url= http://www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlights.htm |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035036/http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/highlights.htm|archive-date=January 2, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law enforcement to invade citizens' privacy and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence.<ref name="ACLUAdv">{{cite press release |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/uncle-sam-asks-what-hell-going-herein-new-aclu-print-and-radio-advertisements |title=Uncle Sam Asks: "What The Hell Is Going On Here?" in New ACLU Print and Radio Advertisements |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |date=September 3, 2003 |access-date=April 10, 2012 |archive-date=June 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603123234/http://www.aclu.org/national-security/uncle-sam-asks-what-hell-going-herein-new-aclu-print-and-radio-advertisements |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Eggen |first=Dan |date=September 30, 2004 |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Key Part of Patriot Act Ruled Unconstitutional |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A59626-2004Sep29.html |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020081006/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A59626-2004Sep29.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/09/26/patriot.act/index.html |title=Federal judge rules 2 Patriot Act provisions unconstitutional |access-date=September 4, 2011 |date=September 26, 2007 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172324/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/law/09/26/patriot.act/index.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> To effectively combat future acts of terrorism, the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) was given broad powers. NSA commenced [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|warrantless surveillance]] of telecommunications, which was sometimes criticized as permitting the agency "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".<ref>{{cite news |last1=VandeHei |first1=Jim |last2=Eggen |first2=Dan |title=Cheney Cites Justifications For Domestic Eavesdropping |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 5, 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010400973.html |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=August 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820073716/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/04/AR2006010400973.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to requests by various intelligence agencies, the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] permitted an expansion of powers by the U.S. government in seeking, obtaining, and sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. people from around the world.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Savage |first1=Charlie |last2=Poitras |first2=Laura |title=How a Court Secretly Evolved, Extending U.S. Spies' Reach |work=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/us/how-a-courts-secret-evolution-extended-spies-reach.html |access-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312220916/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/us/how-a-courts-secret-evolution-extended-spies-reach.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Hate crimes ==== {{See also|Islamophobic incidents|Persecution of Muslims}} Six days after the attacks, President Bush made a public appearance at [[Islamic Center of Washington|Washington, D.C.'s largest Islamic Center]] and acknowledged the "incredibly valuable contribution" that millions of [[Islam in the United States|American Muslims]] made to their country and called for them "to be treated with respect".<ref>{{cite news |last=Freedman |first=Samuel G. |title=Six Days After 9/11, Another Anniversary Worth Honoring |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/08/us/on-religion-six-days-after-9-11-another-anniversary-worth-honoring.html |work=The New York Times |date=September 7, 2012 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106125316/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/08/us/on-religion-six-days-after-9-11-another-anniversary-worth-honoring.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Numerous incidents of [[harassment]] and [[hate crime]]s against [[Muslims]] and [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]] were reported in the days following the attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/report.html |title=New York City Commission on Human Rights |publisher=Nyc.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203071912/http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/report.html |archive-date=February 3, 2004 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/post9-11-us-policies-created-atmosphere-of-fear-for-south-asians/836936|title=Post-9/11, US policies created atmosphere of fear for South Asians|website=The Indian Express|date=August 25, 2011|access-date=October 23, 2011|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526183307/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/post9-11-us-policies-created-atmosphere-of-fear-for-south-asians/836936|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hate">{{cite news |title=Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks |publisher=CNN|date=September 17, 2001 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127025019/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/ |archive-date=November 27, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> [[Sikh]]s were also subject to targeting due to the use of [[turban]]s in the [[Sikh faith]], which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a [[Hindu temple]]), and assaults on individuals, including one murder: [[Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi|Balbir Singh Sodhi]], a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim, who was fatally shot on September 15, 2001, in [[Mesa, Arizona]].<ref name="Hate" /> Two dozen members of Osama bin Laden's family were urgently evacuated out of the country on a private charter plane under FBI supervision three days after the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bin-laden-family-evacuated/|title=Bin Laden Family Evacuated|publisher=CBS News|access-date=January 30, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411091619/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bin-laden-family-evacuated/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an academic study, people perceived to be [[Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Middle Eastern]] were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of [[Islam]] during this time. The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, [[Arabs]], and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Ball State University]] |url=http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0,1370,-1019-12850,00.html |title=Many minority groups were victims of hate crimes after 9-11 |date=October 9, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211050839/http://www.bsu.edu/news/article/0%2C1370%2C-1019-12850%2C00.html |archive-date=December 11, 2008 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> A report by the South Asian American advocacy group known as South Asian Americans Leading Together documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and 17, 2001. Various crimes such as vandalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats in numerous places were documented.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Backlash: Terrorist Bring War Home in More Ways Than One |url=http://www.saalt.org/attachments/1/American%20Backlash%20report.pdf |access-date=May 29, 2014 |year=2003 |publisher=SAALT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203140832/http://static.911digitalarchive.org/REPOSITORY/OTHER_OBJECTS/6object.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Thayil |first=Jeet|date=October 12, 2001 |title=645 racial incidents reported in week after September 11 |newspaper=[[India Abroad]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79281024.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511211812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79281024.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> Women wearing [[hijab]] were also targeted.<ref name="HRW not enemy">{{Cite web |title=We Are Not the Enemy: Hate Crimes Against Arabs, Muslims, and Those Perceived to be Arab or Muslim after September 11 |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/usahate/usa1102-04.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522192143/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/usahate/usa1102-04.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |date=November 2002 |access-date=June 7, 2022 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> ==== Discrimination and racial profiling ==== {{Further|Detentions following the September 11 attacks|Islamophobia in the United States|Flying while Muslim}} {{See also|Airport racial profiling in the United States}} A poll of [[Arab Americans|Arab-Americans]], conducted in May 2002, found that 20% had personally experienced discrimination since September 11. A July 2002 poll of Muslim Americans found that 48% believed their lives had changed for the worse since September 11, and 57% had experienced an act of bias or discrimination.<ref name="HRW not enemy" /> Following the September 11 attacks, many [[Pakistani Americans]] identified themselves as [[Indian people|Indians]] to avoid potential discrimination and obtain jobs (Pakistan was created as a result of the [[partition of India]] in 1947).<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistanis pose as Indians after NY bomb scare |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-timessquare-backlash/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare-idUSTRE64655Y20100507 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=March 23, 2020 |date=May 7, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114111303/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-timessquare-backlash/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare-idUSTRE64655Y20100507 |url-status=live }}</ref> By May 2002, there were 488 complaints of [[Employment discrimination in the United States|employment discrimination]] reported to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 301 of those were complaints from people fired from their jobs. Similarly, by June 2002, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) had investigated 111 September 11th-related complaints from airline passengers purporting that their religious or ethnic appearance caused them to be singled out at security screenings. DOT investigated an additional 31 complaints from people who alleged they were completely blocked from boarding aeroplanes on the same grounds.<ref name="HRW not enemy" /> ==== Muslim American response ==== {{See also|Muslim attitudes towards terrorism|Peace in Islamic philosophy}} Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called "upon [[Muslim Americans]] to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families".<ref>{{cite web |last=American Muslim Leaders |title=Muslim Americans Condemn Attack |publisher=ISNA |url=http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=AM0109-335 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172342/https://www.islamicity.org/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> These organizations included the [[Islamic Society of North America]], American Muslim Alliance, [[American Muslim Council]], [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]], [[Islamic Circle of North America]], and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. Along with monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for victims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beaulieu |first=Dan |title=Muslim groups around world condemn the killing of innocents |publisher=Agence France Presse |language=en |date=September 12, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Davis |first=Joyce M. |title=Muslims condemn attacks, insist Islam not violent against innocents |agency=Knight Ridder Washington Bureau |date=September 13, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Witham |first=Larry |title=Muslim groups decry attacks; No cause justifies the 'immoral' act, U.S. councils say |work=The Washington Times |date=September 12, 2001}}</ref> ==== Interfaith efforts ==== Curiosity about Islam increased after the attacks. As a result, many mosques and Islamic centres began holding open houses and participating in outreach efforts to educate non-Muslims about the faith. In the first 10 years after the attacks, [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] community service increased from 8 to 20 percent and the percentage of U.S. congregations involved in interfaith worship doubled from 7 to 14 percent.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 8, 2011|title=From fear of Islam to outreach: how 9/11 prompted interfaith efforts|work=The Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0908/From-fear-of-Islam-to-outreach-how-9-11-prompted-interfaith-efforts|access-date=August 27, 2021|issn=0882-7729|archive-date=August 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827153610/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2011/0908/From-fear-of-Islam-to-outreach-how-9-11-prompted-interfaith-efforts|url-status=live}}</ref> === International reactions === [[File:Vladimir Putin in the United States 13-16 November 2001-54.jpg|thumb|[[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] (''right'') with [[Lyudmila Putina|his wife]] (''center'') at a commemoration service in [[New York City]] on November 16]]The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe, nations offered pro-American support and solidarity.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hertzberg|first=Hendrik|date=September 11, 2006|title=Lost love|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/11/060911ta_talk_hertzberg|url-status=live|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606070654/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/09/11/060911ta_talk_hertzberg|archive-date=June 6, 2011|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, as well as Libya and Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity".<ref>{{cite news|date=September 12, 2001|title=Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html|url-status=dead|access-date=May 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813060324/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/12/mideast.reaction/index.html|archive-date=August 13, 2007}}</ref> The government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks, but privately many Saudis favored bin Laden's cause.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Summers|first1=Anthony|url=https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ|title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden|last2=Swan|first2=Robbyn|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4000-6659-9|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eleventhdayfulls0000summ/page/403 403]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="The Kingdom and the Towers">{{cite web|date=June 30, 2011|title=The Kingdom and the Towers|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/08/9-11-2011-201108|access-date=September 4, 2011|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|archive-date=September 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901235354/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2011/08/9-11-2011-201108|url-status=live}}</ref> Although [[Palestinian Authority]] (PA) president [[Yasser Arafat]] also condemned the attacks, there were reports of celebrations of disputed size in the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], and [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite news|date=September 12, 2001|title=In pictures: Atrocities' aftermath|language=en-GB|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1538664.stm|access-date=September 12, 2019|archive-date=July 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726224706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1538664.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Porter|first=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VE5yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|title=Blunder: Britain's War in Iraq|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-880796-4|page=139|access-date=September 12, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207114404/https://books.google.com/books?id=VE5yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Palestinian leaders discredited news broadcasters that justified the attacks or showed celebrations,<ref name="fox1">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34187,00.html |publisher=Fox News |title=Arafat Horrified by Attacks, but Thousands of Palestinians Celebrate; Rest of World Outraged |date=September 12, 2001 |access-date=April 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413170546/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34187,00.html |archive-date=April 13, 2008 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and the Authority claimed such celebrations do not represent the Palestinians' sentiment, adding that it would not allow "a few kids" to "smear the real face of the Palestinians".<ref>Palestinian Authority has muzzled coverage of Palestinian celebrations' (Middle East Newsline)<br />'Israel to AP: Release film of Palestinian celebrations' (Jerusalem Post/The Associated Press)<br />'Bin-Laden Poster Seen at Gaza Rally' (The Associated Press).</ref><ref name="FOX_Quash">{{cite news |last=Donaldson |first=Catherine |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34346,00.html |title='Palestinian Officials Quash Pictures of Arab Celebrations' by Catherine Donaldson-Evans |publisher=Fox News |date=September 13, 2001 |access-date=September 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505074246/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34346,00.html |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Footage by CNN{{vague|date=May 2020}} and other news outlets were suggested by a report originating at a Brazilian university to be from 1991; this was later proven to be a false accusation, resulting in a statement being issued by CNN.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/cnn.statement/|title=CNN statement about false claim it used old video – September 20, 2001|date=April 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416104012/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/cnn.statement/|access-date=September 12, 2019|archive-date=April 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinians Dancing in the Street|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-footaging/|access-date=September 12, 2019|website=[[Snopes]]|date=March 9, 2008|language=en-US|archive-date=June 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630180736/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-footaging/|url-status=live}}</ref> As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim community targets racial tension |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1551868.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=September 19, 2001 |access-date=April 11, 2012 |archive-date=March 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321022930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1551868.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368]] condemned the attacks and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Charter]].<ref name="SecCounc">{{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations|date=September 12, 2001|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|access-date=September 11, 2006|quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday's "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.|archive-date=September 9, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909162055/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of Al-Qaeda ties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton|first=Stuart|date=August 24, 2002|title=September 11, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries|url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf|access-date=September 4, 2011|publisher=[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]|archive-date=September 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911170808/http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11 backgrounder|url=http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084019/http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html|archive-date=September 27, 2011|access-date=September 4, 2011|publisher=[[Group of Eight]]}}</ref> Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Courtney C |title=Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot |website=The Christian Science Monitor |date=March 7, 2002 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=September 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909191322/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SE Asia unites to smash militant cells |publisher=CNN |date=May 8, 2002 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=August 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815074324/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ |url-status=live }}</ref> British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] said Britain stood "shoulder to shoulder" with the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blair's statement in full |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1538551.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307034034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1538551.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> A few days later, Blair flew to Washington, D.C., to affirm British solidarity with the United States. In a speech to Congress nine days after the attacks, which Blair attended as a guest, President Bush declared "America has no truer friend than Great Britain".<ref>{{cite web|title=President Declares 'Freedom at War with Fear' |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |publisher=The White House |access-date=August 25, 2016 |date=September 20, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |archive-date=February 25, 2008 }}</ref> Subsequently, Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally international support for military action; he held 54 meetings with world leaders and travelled more than 40,000 miles (60,000{{spaces}}km).<ref>{{cite news |title=Tony Blair's allegiance to George Bush laid bare |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tony-blairs-corrosive-allegiance-to-george-bush-laid-bare-for-the-first-time-6668892.html |work=Evening Standard |location=London |date=October 27, 2007 |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113071246/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tony-blairs-corrosive-allegiance-to-george-bush-laid-bare-for-the-first-time-6668892.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. set up the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]] to hold inmates they defined as "[[illegal enemy combatants]]". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the [[European Union]] and human rights organizations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Euro MPs urge Guantanamo closure |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5074216.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=June 13, 2006 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5074216.stm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mendez |first=Juan E. |author-link=Juan E. Méndez |date=March 13, 2002 |title=Detainees in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Request for Precautionary Measures, Inter-Am. C.H.R |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/guantanamo-2003.html |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172520/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/cases/guantanamo-2003.html%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=USA: Release or fair trials for all remaining Guantánamo detainees |url=https://www.amnesty.org/press-releases/2008/05/usa-release-or-fair-trials-all-remaining-guantc3a1namo-detainees-20080502/ |publisher=Amnesty International |date=May 2, 2008 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207114425/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2008/05/usa-release-or-fair-trials-all-remaining-guantc3a1namo-detainees-20080502/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 25, 2001, [[Iran]]'s [[List of Presidents of Iran#List of Presidents|fifth president]], [[Mohammad Khatami]], meeting British Foreign Secretary [[Jack Straw]], said: "Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11". He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about terrorist operations in Iran (since 1979), the Iranians felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans in the tragic incidents in the two cities. He also stated that "Nations should not be punished in place of terrorists".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020503200608/http://www.president.ir/cronicnews/1380/8007/800703/800703.htm P.I.R.I News Headlines (Tue 80/07/03 A.H.S)]. The Official Site of the Office of the President of Iran. [http://president.ir/en Official website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. September 25, 2001. Permanent Archived Link. The original page and URL are not available online now. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20010926214218/http://www.president.ir/ Website's Homepage at that time (Title: Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran, The Official Site)])</ref> According to [[Radio Farda]]'s website, when the news of the attacks was released, some Iranian citizens gathered in front of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran, which serves as the protecting power of the United States in Iran (U.S. interests-protecting office in Iran), to express their sympathy, and some of them lit candles as a symbol of mourning. This piece of news on Radio Farda's website also states that in 2011, on the anniversary of the attacks, the [[United States Department of State]] published a post on its blog, in which the Department thanked the Iranian people for their sympathy and stated that it would never forget Iranian people's kindness on those harsh days.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001/24324962.html |title=تشکر وزارت خارجه آمریکا از همدردی ایرانیان با قربانیان ۱۱ سپتامبر |language=fa |website=[[Radio Farda]] |date=September 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121163708/http://www.radiofarda.com/content/f12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001/24324962.html |archive-date=January 21, 2012 |access-date=June 30, 2016 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=fa&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofarda.com%2Fcontent%2Ff12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001%2F24324962.html A mechanized Translation by Google Translate is available here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813021914/https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=fa&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofarda.com%2Fcontent%2Ff12_us_state_department_thanks_iranian_sympathy_with_sept_11_victims_in_2001%2F24324962.html |date=August 13, 2021 }}.</ref> After the attacks, both the President<ref>[http://en.isna.ir/news/8008-04338/Iran-s-President-Says-Muslims-Reject-bin-Laden-s-Islam "Iran's President Says Muslims Reject bin Laden's 'Islam'"]. [[Iranian Students News Agency]]. November 10, 2001 / 17:07. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160918154504/http://en.isna.ir/news/8008-04338/Iran-s-President-Says-Muslims-Reject-bin-Laden-s-Islam Permanent Archived Link]. Retrieved and archived on September 18, 2016, 15:45:04 UTC.</ref><ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3302180,00.html Ynetnews News – Khatami slams bin Laden, defends Hizbullah]. [[Ynetnews]]. November 9, 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160908183108/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3302180,00.html Permanent Archived Link]. Retrieved and archived on September 8, 2016; 18:31:08 UTC.</ref> and the Supreme Leader of Iran, condemned the attacks. The [[BBC]] and ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine published reports on holding candlelit vigils for the victims of Iranian citizens on their websites.<ref>{{cite news |last=Corera |first=Gordon |title=Iran's gulf of misunderstanding with US |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5377914.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=September 25, 2006 |access-date=May 22, 2010 |archive-date=February 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215064710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5377914.stm |url-status=live }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404184211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5377914.stm Permanent Archived Link].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101115094604/http://www.time.com/time/europe/photoessays/vigil/2.html Iran mourns America's dead] ''Time''</ref> According to ''[[Politico#Politico Magazine|Politico Magazine]]'', following the attacks, [[Ali Khamenei]], the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual '[[Death to America]]' chants at [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]]" temporarily.<ref name="Politico 2013-11-19">{{cite news |last=Slavin |first=Barbara |title=34 Years of Getting to No with Iran |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/a-failure-to-communicate-100052.html |website=[[Politico|Politico Magazine]] |date=November 19, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129195150/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/a-failure-to-communicate-100052.html |archive-date=January 29, 2014}}</ref> In September 2001, shortly after the attacks, some fans of [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] burned an Israeli flag and unsuccessfully tried to burn an American flag. Though the American flag did not catch fire, the fans booed during a [[moment of silence]] for victims of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plus: Soccer; Fans in Athens Try To Burn U.S. Flag |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/23/sports/plus-soccer-fans-in-athens-try-to-burn-us-flag.html |issn=0362-4331 |work=The New York Times |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 23, 2001 |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093107/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/23/sports/plus-soccer-fans-in-athens-try-to-burn-us-flag.html |url-status=live }}</ref> === Military operations === {{further|War on terror|US invasion of Afghanistan}}{{Events leading to the Iraq War}} At 2:40 p.m. on September 11, [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy official [[Stephen Cambone]], Rumsfeld asked for, "Best info fast. Judge whether they are good enough to hit S.H. [Saddam Hussein] at the same time. Not only UBL" [Osama bin Laden].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bush's War |access-date=September 4, 2011 |series=Frontline |series-link=Frontline (U.S. TV series) |credits=Written, produced and directed by [[Michael Kirk]], produced and reported by Jim Gilmore |network=PBS |station=WGBH |location=Boston |date=March 24–25, 2008 |time=8:40 |transcript=Transcript |transcript-url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/etc/script.html |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/ |archive-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211110930/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/bushswar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying, "Need to move swiftly{{snd}}Near term target needs{{snd}}go massive{{snd}}sweep it all up. Things related and not".<ref name="IraqSuspect">{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Roberts |title=Plans For Iraq Attack Began on 9/11 |date=September 4, 2002 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-date=May 25, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525035205/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |title=Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders |date=February 24, 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11 |access-date=October 7, 2009 |location=London |archive-date=February 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113142/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a meeting at [[Camp David]] on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] in response to the September 11 attacks.<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf ''9/11 Commission Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123013421/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/911Report.pdf |date=November 23, 2015 }} pp. 334–36</ref> Nonetheless, they later [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invaded the country]] with allies, citing "[[Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory|Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html|title=President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom|access-date=October 29, 2011|archive-date=October 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031010540/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, as many as seven in ten Americans believed the Iraqi president played a role in the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=US public thinks Saddam had role in 9/11 |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/07/usa.theobserver |date=September 7, 2003 |access-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-date=March 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084658/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/07/usa.theobserver |url-status=live }}</ref> Three years later, Bush conceded that he had not.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush: Saddam was not responsible for 9/11 |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/12/september11.usa2 |date=September 12, 2006 |access-date=March 20, 2017 |archive-date=March 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321085103/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/12/september11.usa2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[NATO]] council declared that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations that satisfied [[North Atlantic Treaty#Article 5|Article 5]] of the NATO charter. This marked the first invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the [[Cold War]] with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement by the North Atlantic Council |publisher=NATO |date=September 15, 2001 |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2001/p01-124e.htm |access-date=September 4, 2011 |quote=Article 5: The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in the exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security. |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172232/https://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2001/p01-124e.htm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Australian Prime Minister [[John Howard]], who was in Washington, D.C., during the attacks, invoked Article IV of the [[ANZUS]] treaty.<ref>{{cite news |title=ABC Conversations with Richard Fidler John Howard Interview Transcript |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=September 2011 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201109/r826557_7555516.pdf |access-date=January 25, 2013 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510233640/http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201109/r826557_7555516.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bush administration announced a [[war on terror]], with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and Al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html|title=Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation|date=September 20, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|last=Bush|first=George|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813093643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states harbouring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf|title=National Strategy for Combating Terrorism|date=February 2003|access-date=July 4, 2015|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archive-date=February 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224121111/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On September 14, 2001, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001|Authorization for the use of Military Force Against Terrorists]], which grants the President the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11 attacks or who harboured said persons or groups. It is still in effect to this day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public Law 107–40—Sept. 18, 2001: Joint Resolution To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/pdf/PLAW-107publ40.pdf |date=September 18, 2001 |access-date=July 4, 2015 |publisher=107th Congress |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207022906/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/pdf/PLAW-107publ40.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 7, 2001, the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting [[Taliban]] and Al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the [[Special Forces]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} This eventually led to the overthrow of the Taliban's rule of Afghanistan with the [[Fall of Kandahar]] on December 7, 2001, by U.S.-led [[International Security Assistance Force|coalition forces]].<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Military Operations in the Global War on Terrorism: Afghanistan, Africa, the Philippines, and Colombia|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32758.pdf|access-date=July 5, 2015|publisher=[[Air University (United States Air Force)]]|archive-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181625/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl32758.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, who went into hiding in the [[Spin Ghar|White Mountains]], was targeted by U.S. coalition forces in the [[Battle of Tora Bora]],<ref name="BBC News 2011-07-11">{{cite news |last=Corera |first=Gordon |date=July 21, 2011 |title=Bin Laden's Tora Bora escape, just months after 9/11 |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14190032 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129165659/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14190032 |url-status=live }}</ref> but he escaped across the [[Durand Line|Pakistani border]] and would remain out of sight for almost ten years.<ref name="BBC News 2011-07-11" /> In an interview with [[Tayseer Allouni]] on 21 October 2001, Bin Laden stated: <blockquote>"The events proved the extent of [[terrorism]] that America exercises in the world. [[George W. Bush|Bush]] stated that the world has to be divided in two: Bush and his supporters, and any country that doesn't get into the global crusade is with the terrorists. What terrorism is clearer than this? Many governments were forced to support this "new terrorism.".. America wouldn't live in security until we live it truly in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. This showed the reality of America, which puts Israel's interest above its own people's interest. America won't get out of this crisis until it gets out of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], and until it stops its [[Israel–United States military relations|support of Israel]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Al Qaeda Now|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85911-0|first1=Karen|last1=J. Greenberg|pages=192–206|chapter=October 21, 2001 – Interview with Tayseer Alouni |location= New York, US}}</ref></blockquote> The [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]], among other nations with their internal conflicts with [[Islamic terrorism]], also increased their military readiness.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuppuswamy|first=C.S. |title=Terrorism in Indonesia : Role of the Religious Organisation |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |date=November 2, 2005 |url=http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers16%5Cpaper1596.html |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611032357/http://www.saag.org/papers16/paper1596.html |archive-date=June 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banlaoi |first=Rommel |contribution=Radical Muslim Terrorism in the Philippines |year=2006 |title=Handbook on Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |editor-last=Tan |editor-first=Andrew |place=London |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing}}</ref> The military forces of the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran cooperated to overthrow the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]], which had had conflicts with the government of Iran.<ref name="Politico 2013-11-19" /><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2008-09-09 |title=Zawahiri blasts Iran for helping Washington |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080909-zawahiri-blasts-iran-helping-washington-al-qaeda |publisher=France 24 |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-gave-us-help-on-al-qaeda-after-9-11/ Iran gave US help on Al-Qaeda after 9/11]. [[CBS News]]. Accessed February 16, 2024.</ref><ref>Ghumman, Kashif Mumtaz. “IRAN-US RELATIONS IN THE POST-9/11 DAYS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS.” Strategic Studies 22, no. 3 (2002): 170–86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45242315.</ref>Iran's [[Quds Force]] helped U.S. forces and Afghan rebels in the [[2001 uprising in Herat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-09-iran-taliban_x.htm|title=Iran helped overthrow Taliban, candidate says|website=USA Today|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129125643/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-06-09-iran-taliban_x.htm|archive-date=November 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spongobongo.com/her9940.htm|title=Iranian Special Forces Reportedly Fight Alongside US in Battle for Herat|website=SpongoBongo.com|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819201520/http://www.spongobongo.com/her9940.htm|archive-date=August 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Soufan,2018">[https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Qassem Soleimani and Iran's Unique Regional Strategy{{snd}}Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]. ''[[Ali Soufan]]''. ''CTC Sentinel''. November 2018, Vol. 11, Issue 10. Combating Terrorism Center{{snd}}CTC at West Point. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181119185404/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link and archived version at Wayback Machine]. [https://archive.today/20181119185830/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy Permanent link and archived version at the archive.is]. Retrieved and archived on November 19, 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181203191310/https://ctc.usma.edu/qassem-soleimani-irans-unique-regional-strategy/ Permanent link] at [[WebCite]] (November 30, 2018. 14:42:35 UTC).'' [https://perma.cc/LPE7-RC2L Permanent link and Archived Version at Perma.cc] (August 5, 2021). "In the months after 9/11, Soleimani saw an opportunity to defeat the Taliban once and for all by unconventional means{{snd}}namely, cooperation with the United States. Early in the war, he directed Iranian diplomats to share intelligence on Taliban military positions with their U.S. counterparts. The Americans, in return, told the Iranians what they knew about an al-Qa`ida fixer hiding out in eastern Iran."''</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page