Quarantine

==Standard quarantine practices in different countries==
{{Globalize|section|the English-speaking world|date=February 2020}}

===Australia===
{{further|Biosecurity in Australia}}
Biosecurity in Australia is governed by the ''[[Biosecurity Act 2015]]''. The [[Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment]] (DAWE) is responsible for border inspection of products brought into Australia, and assesses the risks the products might harm Australian environment. No person, goods, and vessels are permitted into Australia without clearance from DAFF. Visitors are required to fill in the information card on arriving in Australia. Besides other risk factors, visitors are required to declare what food and products made of wood and other natural materials they have. Visitors who fail to do so may be subject to a fine of A$444, or may face criminal prosecution and be fined up to A$444,000 or imprisonment of up to 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travelling to Australia  |url=https://www.agriculture.gov.au/travelling/to-australia |website=Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

Australia has very strict quarantine standards. Quarantine in northern Australia is especially important because of its proximity to South-East Asia and the Pacific, which have many pests and diseases not present in Australia. For this reason, the region from Cairns to Broome—including the [[Torres Strait]]—is the focus for quarantine activities that protect all Australians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/about/public-awareness |title=Public Awareness and Education |access-date=27 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405091101/http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/about/public-awareness |website=Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry |date= 29 Apr 2011  |archive-date=5 April 2013  }}</ref> As Australia has been geographically isolated from other major continents for millions of years, there is an endemically unique ecosystem free of several severe pests and diseases that are present in many parts of the world.<ref name="daff">{{cite web |url=http://www.daff.gov.au/biosecurity/quarantine|title=Quarantine in Australia |publisher=Department of Agriculture |date= 13 Dec 2013  |access-date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713013953/http://daff.gov.au/biosecurity/quarantine|archive-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> If other products are brought inside along with pests and diseases, it would damage the ecosystem seriously and add millions of costs in the local agricultural businesses.<ref name="australia">{{cite web|title=Australian Quarantine a shared responsibility: The Government response|url=http://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/australia/reports-pubs/nairn/govt-response|publisher=Australian Government|agency=Department of Primary Industries and Energy |website=DAFF |access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

===Canada===
There are three quarantine [[Acts of Parliament]] in Canada: ''Quarantine Act'' (humans), ''Health of Animals Act'' (animals), and ''Plant Protection Act'' (vegetations). The first legislation is enforced by the [[Canada Border Services Agency]] after a complete rewrite in 2005. The second and third legislations are enforced by the [[Canadian Food Inspection Agency]]. If a health emergency exists, the Governor in Council can prohibit importation of anything that it deems necessary under the ''Quarantine Act''.

Under the ''Quarantine Act'', all travellers must submit to screening and if they believe they might have come into contact with [[communicable disease]]s or [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]], they must disclose their whereabouts to a [[Border Services Officer]]. If the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the traveller is or might have been infected with a communicable disease or refused to provide answers, a quarantine officer (QO) must be called and the person is to be isolated. If a person refuses to be isolated, any [[peace officer]] may arrest without warrant.

A QO who has reasonable grounds to believe that the traveller has or might have a communicable disease or is infested with vectors, after the medical examination of a traveller, can order him/her into treatment or measures to prevent the person from spreading the disease. QO can detain any traveller who refuses to comply with his/her orders or undergo health assessments as required by law.

Under the ''Health of Animals Act'' and ''Plant Protection Act'', inspectors can prohibit access to an infected area, dispose or treat any infected or suspected to be infected animals or plants. The Minister can order for compensation to be given if animals/plants were destroyed pursuant to these acts.

Each province also enacts its own quarantine/environmental health legislation.

===Hong Kong===
{{Wikisource|Prevention and Control of Disease Ordinance}}
Under the ''Prevention and Control of Disease Ordinance'' (HK Laws. Chap 599), a health officer may seize articles they believe to be infectious or containing infectious agents. All travellers, if requested, must submit themselves to a health officer. Failure to do so is against the law and is subject to arrest and prosecution.

The law allows for health officers who have reasonable grounds to detain, isolate, quarantine anyone or anything believed to be infected, and to restrict any articles from leaving a designated quarantine area. He/she may also order the Civil Aviation Department to prohibit the landing or leaving, embarking or disembarking of an aircraft. This power also extends to land, sea or air crossings.

Under the same ordinance, any police officer, health officer, member of the [[Civil Aid Service]], or member of the [[Auxiliary Medical Service]] can arrest a person who obstructs or escapes from detention.

===United Kingdom===
To reduce the risk of introducing [[rabies]] from continental Europe, the United Kingdom used to require that dogs, and most other animals introduced to the country, spend six months in quarantine at an [[Her Majesty's Customs and Excise|HM Customs and Excise]] pound; this policy was abolished in 2000 in favour of a scheme generally known as [[Pet Passports]], where animals can avoid quarantine if they have documentation showing they are up to date on their appropriate [[vaccine|vaccinations]].<ref>"[https://www.gov.uk/take-pet-abroad#countries-and-territories Bringing your pet dog, cat or ferret to the UK]", ''gov.uk'', accessed 27 January 2020.</ref>

====British maritime quarantine rules 1711–1896====
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Quarantine Act 1710
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act to oblige Ships, coming from Places infected, more effectually to perform their Quarentine.
| year                  = 1710
| citation              = 9 Ann. c. 2
| introduced_commons    =
| introduced_lords      =
| territorial_extent    =
| royal_assent          = 23 December 1710
| commencement          =
| expiry_date           =
| repeal_date           =
| amends                =
| replaces              =
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| related_legislation   =
| status                =
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| millbankhansard       =
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The plague had disappeared from England for more than thirty years before the practice of quarantine against it was definitely established by the Quarantine Act 1710 (''[[9 Ann.]]'').<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/statutesatlargef04grea/page/420/ |title=Quarantine Act 1710 |last=Stuart |first=Anne |year=1710 |trans-title=9 Ann. Chapter II A.D. 1710 |series=The Statutes at Large : from Magna Charta, to the End of the Last Parliament, 1761 |location=London, Great Britain |via=Internet Archive |publisher=Mark Baskett, Henry Woodfall, and William Strahan |volume=IV |pages=420–421 |oclc=228755149}}</ref> The first act was called for due to fears that the plague might be imported from Poland and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] [[Baltic region|region]]. The second act of 1721 was due to the prevalence of plague at [[Marseille]] and other places in [[Provence, France]]. It was renewed in 1733 after a new outbreak in [[continental Europe]], and again in 1743, due to an epidemic in [[Messina]]. In 1752 a rigorous quarantine clause was introduced into an act regulating trade with [[the Levant]], and various arbitrary orders were issued during the next twenty years to meet the supposed danger of infection from the Baltic region. Although no plague cases ever came to England during that period, the restrictions on traffic became more stringent, and in 1788 a very strict Quarantine Act was passed, with provisions affecting cargoes in particular. The act was revised in 1801 and 1805, and in 1823–24 an elaborate inquiry was followed by an act making quarantine only at discretion of the [[privy council]], which recognised yellow fever or other highly infectious diseases as calling for quarantine, along with plague. The threat of cholera in 1831 was the last occasion in England of the use of quarantine restrictions. Cholera affected every country in Europe, despite all efforts to keep it out. When cholera returned to England in 1849, 1853 and 1865–66, no attempt was made to seal the ports. In 1847 the privy council ordered all arrivals with a clean [[bill of health]] from the [[Black Sea]] and the Levant to be admitted, provided there had been no case of plague during the voyage, and afterwards the practice of quarantine was discontinued.<ref name=Booker>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7OoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 |first=John |last=Booker |chapter=Maritime Quarantine: The British Experience, c.1650–1900 |title=The History of Medicine in Context |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-351-91984-5 |access-date=6 February 2020 }}</ref>

After the passing of the first Quarantine Act (1710) the protective practices in England were haphazard and arbitrary. In 1721 two vessels carrying cotton goods from Cyprus, then affected by the plague, were ordered to be burned with their cargoes, the owners receiving an [[indemnity]]. By the clause in the Levant Trade Act of 1752, ships arriving in the United Kingdom with a "foul bill" (i.e. coming from a country where plague existed) had to return to the [[lazaret]]s of Malta, Venice, Messina, Livorno, Genoa, or Marseille, to complete a quarantine or to have their cargoes opened and aired. Since 1741 [[Stangate]] Creek (on the [[Medway]]) had been the quarantine station but it was available only for vessels with clean bills of health. In 1755 lazarets in the form of [[Hulk (ship type)|floating hulks]] were established in England for the first time, the cleansing of cargo (particularly by exposure to [[dew]]s) having been done previously on the ship's deck. No medical inspections were conducted, but control was the responsibility of the Officers of [[Customs|Royal Customs]] and quarantine. In 1780, when plague was in Poland, even vessels with grain from the Baltic region had to spend forty days in quarantine, and unpack and air their cargoes, but due to complaints mainly from [[Edinburgh]] and [[Leith]], an exception was made for grain after that date. About 1788 an order of the council required every ship liable to quarantine to hoist a [[yellow flag (contagion)|yellow flag]] in the daytime and show a light at the main topmast head at night, in case of meeting any vessel at sea, or upon arriving within four [[league (unit)|leagues]] of the coast of [[Great Britain]] or [[Ireland]], the [[Channel Islands]], or the [[Isle of Man]].<ref name=Booker/>

After 1800, ships from plague-affected countries (or with foul bills) were permitted to complete their quarantine in the Medway instead of at a Mediterranean port on the way, and an extensive lazaret was built on [[Chetney Hill]] near [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]] (although it was later demolished). The use of floating hulks as lazarets continued as before. In 1800 two ships with [[hide (skin)|hides]] from [[Mogador]] in Morocco were ordered to be sunk with their cargoes at the [[Nore]], the owners receiving an indemnity. Animal hides were suspected of harbouring infections, along with a long list of other items, and these had to be exposed on the ship's deck for twenty-one days or less (six days for each instalment of the cargo), and then transported to the lazaret, where they were opened and aired for another forty days. The whole detention of the vessel was from sixty to sixty-five days, including the time for reshipment of her cargo. Pilots had to pass fifteen days on board a convalescent ship. From 1846 onwards the quarantine establishments in the United Kingdom were gradually reduced, while the last vestige of the British quarantine law was removed by the [[Public Health Act]] of 1896, which repealed the Quarantine Act of 1825 (with dependent clauses of other acts), and transferred from the privy council to the [[Local Government Board]] the powers to deal with ships arriving infected with yellow fever or plague. The powers to deal with cholera ships had been already transferred by the [[Public Health Act 1875]].<ref name=Booker/>

British regulations of 9 November 1896 applied to [[yellow fever]], [[Bubonic plague|plague]] and [[cholera]]. Officers of [[Her Majesty's Customs]], as well as of [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] and the [[Board of Trade]] (for signalling), were empowered to take the initial steps. They certified in writing the master of a supposedly infected ship, and detained the vessel provisionally for not more than twelve hours, giving notice meanwhile to the [[Port authority|port sanitary authority]]. The medical officer of the port boarded the ship and examined every person in it. Every person found infected was taken to a hospital and quarantined under the orders of the medical officer, and the vessel remained under his orders. Every person suspected could be detained on board for 48 hours or removed to the hospital for a similar period. All others were free to land upon giving the addresses of their destinations to be sent to the respective local authorities, so that the dispersed passengers and crew could be kept individually under observation for a few days. The ship was then disinfected, dead bodies buried at sea, infected clothing, bedding, etc., destroyed or disinfected, and [[bilge-water]] and [[Sailing ballast|water-ballast]] pumped out at a suitable distance before the ship entered a dock or basin. Mail was subject to no detention. A stricken ship within 3 miles of the shore had to fly a yellow and black flag at the main mast from sunrise to sunset.<ref name=Booker/>

===United States===
In the United States, authority to quarantine people with infectious diseases is split between the state and federal governments. States (and [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal governments]] recognised by the federal government)<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/aboutlawsregulationsquarantineisolation.html Legal Authorities for Isolation and Quarantine] 8 October 2014, ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref> have primary authority to quarantine people within their boundaries. Federal jurisdiction only applies to people moving across state or national borders, or people on federal property.<ref>[https://time.com/3516827/cdc-constitution-quarantine/ The CDC Has Less Power Than You Think, and Likes it That Way] 17 October 2014, Denver Nicks ''time.com'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref>

====Federal rules====
{{cleanup|reason=Summary of CDC quarantine regulations and powers only covers recent changes rather than explaining the whole body of regulations.|date=February 2020}}
Communicable diseases for which apprehension, detention, or conditional release of people are authorised must be specified in [[Executive Order]]s of the President.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulations to control communicable diseases|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2013-title42/html/USCODE-2013-title42-chap6A-subchapII-partG-sec264.htm#264_1_target|website=gpo.gov|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>  As of 2014, these include Executive Orders 13295<ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13295| title = Executive Order 13295}}</ref> 13375, and 13674; the latest executive order specifies the following infectious diseases: [[cholera]], [[diphtheria]], infectious [[tuberculosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]], [[smallpox]], [[yellow fever]], [[viral haemorrhagic fevers]] ([[Lassa fever|Lassa]], [[Marburg virus|Marburg]], [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola]], [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever|Crimean-Congo]], [[Arenavirus|South American]], and others not yet isolated or named), [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]]s (SARS), and [[influenza]] from a novel or re-emergent source.<ref>{{cite web|title=Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases|url=https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/specificlawsregulations.html|website=cdc.gov|location=bottom of page, in "Executive Orders" paragraph|date=31 July 2014 |access-date= 4 March 2020}}</ref>

The [[Department of Health and Human Services]] is responsible for quarantine decisions, specifically the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]'s [[Division of Global Migration and Quarantine]]. As of 21 March 2017, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) regulations specify:<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/final-rule-communicable-diseases.html Specific Laws and Regulations Governing the Control of Communicable Diseases] – Final Rule for Control of Communicable Diseases: Interstate and Foreign ''www.cdc.gov'', accessed 4 March 2020</ref>
* All [[Commercial aviation|commercial passenger flights]] must report deaths or illnesses to the CDC.
* Individuals must apply for a travel permit if they are under a Federal quarantine, isolation, or [[conditional release]] order.
* When an individual who is moving between U.S. states is "reasonably believed to be infected" with a quarantinable communicable disease in a "qualifying stage", the CDC may apprehend or examine that individual for potential infection.
* This includes new regulatory authority permitting the CDC Director to prohibit the importation of animals or products that pose a threat to public health.

The rules:
* Do not authorise compulsory medical testing, vaccination, or medical treatment without prior [[informed consent]].
* Require CDC to advise individuals subject to [[medical examination]]s that they will be conducted by an authorised health worker and with prior informed consent.
* Include strong [[due process]] protections for individuals subject to public health orders, including a right to counsel for [[indigent]] individuals.
* Limit to 72 hours the amount of time that an individual may be apprehended pending the issuance of a federal order for isolation, quarantine, or conditional release.

====US quarantine facilities====
{{update section|date=February 2020}} <!-- quarantine facilities have been operating for Wuhan coronavirus -->
The [[Division of Global Migration Health]] (DGMH) of the US [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC) operates small quarantine facilities at a number of US ports of entry. As of 2014, these included one land crossing (in [[El Paso, Texas]]) and 19 international airports.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/QuarantineStationContactListFull.html Quarantine Station Contact List, Map, and Fact Sheets] (CDC)</ref><ref name=acrp2008>{{citation
|url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_005.pdf
|title=Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs
|series=TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 5
|year=2008
|first1=Hollis |last1=Stambaugh
|first2=Daryl  |last2=Sensenig
|first3=Rocco  |last3=Casagrande
|first4=Shania  |last4=Flagg
|first5=Bruce  |last5=Gerrity
|publisher=The National Academies Press
|doi=10.17226/13989
|isbn=978-0-309-09940-0
}}</ref><ref group=note>The 19 airports with quarantine facilities are in Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York City (JFK), Newark, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. (Dulles).</ref>

Besides the [[port of entry]] where it is located, each station is also responsible for quarantining potentially infected travellers entering through any ports of entry in its assigned region. These facilities are fairly small; each one is operated by a few staff members and capable of accommodating 1–2 travellers for a short observation period.<ref name="acrp2008" /> Cost estimates for setting up a temporary larger facility, capable of accommodating 100 to 200 travellers for several weeks, have been published by the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) in 2008 of the [[Transportation Research Board]].<ref name="acrp2008" />

====US quarantine of imported goods====
The United States puts immediate quarantines on imported products if a contagious disease is identified and can be traced back to a certain shipment or product. All imports will also be quarantined if the disease appears in other countries.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} According to Title [http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/ResourcesPDFs/4quarantine.pdf 42 U.S.C. §§264 and 266] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083040/http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Resources/ResourcesPDFs/4quarantine.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}, these statutes provide the [[Secretary of Health and Human Services]] peacetime and wartime authority to control the movement of people into and within the United States to prevent the spread of communicable disease.
[[File:Columbia River Quarantine Station - Knappton Washington.jpg|thumb|The quarantine hospital building (lazaretto) at the historic Columbia River Quarantine Station near Knappton, Washington]]

====History of quarantine laws in the US====
[[File:PHSQuarentineStationNOLA1957.jpg|thumb|Public Health Service Quarantine Station, [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], 1957]]
Quarantine law began in Colonial America in 1663, when in an attempt to curb an outbreak of [[smallpox]], the city of New York established a quarantine. In the 1730s, the city built a quarantine station on the [[Bedloe's Island]].<ref name="Lazaretto">{{cite web |url= http://www.ushistory.org/laz/history/index.htm |title=Lazaretto Quarantine Station, Tinicum Township, Delaware County, PA: History |access-date=24 April 2008 |publisher= [[ushistory.org]]}}</ref> The [[Philadelphia Lazaretto]] was the first quarantine hospital in the United States, built in 1799, in <!-- [[Essington, Pennsylvania|Essington]], --> [[Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Tinicum Township]], [[Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Delaware County]], Pennsylvania.<ref name="City">{{cite web |url= http://www.phila.gov/Health/Commissioner/History/ContagiousDiseaseControl.html | title=Contagious Disease Control, The Lazaretto | access-date=21 November 2007 |publisher=[[City of Philadelphia]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080508033044/http://www.phila.gov/Health/Commissioner/History/ContagiousDiseaseControl.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 8 May 2008}}</ref> There are similar national landmarks such as the [[Columbia River Quarantine Station]], [[Swinburne Island]]  and [[Angel Island (California)#Angel Island Immigration Station|Angel Island]]. The [[Pest House (Concord, Massachusetts)|Pest House]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]] was used as early as 1752 to quarantine those with cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox.

In early June 1832, during the cholera epidemic in New York, Governor [[Enos Throop]] called a special session of the Legislature for 21 June, to pass a Public Health Act by both Houses of the State Legislature. It included to a strict quarantine along the Upper and Lower New York-Canadian frontier. In addition, New York City Mayor Walter Browne established a quarantine against all peoples and products of Europe and Asia, which prohibited ships from approaching closer than 300 yards to the city, and all vehicles were ordered to stop 1.5 miles away.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.varsitytutors.com/earlyamerica/early-america-review/volume-4/the-1832-cholera-epidemic-part-2| title = G. William Beardslee, "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic – Part 2: 19th Century Responses to Cholerae Vibrio."| access-date = 6 March 2019| archive-date = 18 May 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518003717/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The Immigrant Inspection Station on [[Ellis Island]], built in 1892, is often mistakenly assumed to have been a quarantine station, however its marine hospital ([[Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital]]) only qualified as a contagious disease facility to handle less virulent diseases like measles, [[trachoma]] and less advanced stages of tuberculosis and diphtheria; those affected by smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, leprosy or typhoid fever, could neither be received nor treated there.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yew|first=E.|date=June 1980|title=Medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891-1924.|journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine|volume=56|issue=5|pages=488–510 |pmc=1805119|pmid=6991041}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birn|first=Anne-Emanuelle|date=1997|title=Six Seconds Per Eyelid: the medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1892-1914|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/download/106118/165458|journal=DYNAMIS. Acta Hisp. Med. Sci. Hist.|volume=17|pages=289|pmid=11623552}}</ref>

[[Mary Mallon]] was quarantined in 1907 under the Greater New York Charter, Sections 1169–1170,<ref>Judith Walzer Leavitt, ''Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health,'' Beacon Press, 1996, p. 71. {{ISBN|0807021032}}</ref> which permitted the [[New York City Board of Health]] to "remove to a proper place…any person sick with any contagious, pestilential or infectious disease."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6864674_000/index.html The Greater New York Charter as enacted in 1897] ''www.columbia.edu'', accessed 2 February 2020</ref>

During the [[1918 flu pandemic]], people were also quarantined. Most commonly suspect cases of infectious diseases are requested to voluntarily quarantine themselves, and Federal and local quarantine statutes only have been uncommonly invoked since then, including for a suspected [[smallpox]] case in 1963.<ref>{{cite news |title=Get In That Bubble, Boy! When can the government quarantine its citizens? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2007/06/get_in_that_bubble_boy.html |quote= In fact, until this recent situation, the CDC hadn't issued such an order since 1963, when it quarantined a woman for smallpox exposure. Even during the SARS epidemic in 2003, officials relied mostly on voluntary isolation and quarantine. And the last large-scale quarantine in the U.S. took place during the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918–19. ... |newspaper=[[Slate magazine]] |date=1 June 2007 |access-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref>

The 1944 [[Public Health Service Act]] "to apprehend, detain, and examine certain infected persons who are peculiarly likely to cause the interstate spread of disease" clearly established the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]]'s quarantine authority for the first time. It gave the [[United States Public Health Service]] responsibility for preventing the introduction, transmission and spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the United States, and expanded quarantine authority to include incoming aircraft.<ref name = "CDC"/> The act states that "...any individual reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable disease in a qualifying stage and...if found to be infected, may be detained for such time and in such manner as may be reasonably necessary."<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 1403520|year = 1994|title = Public Health Service Act, 1944|journal = Public Health Reports|volume = 109|issue = 4|pages = 468|pmid = 8041843}}</ref>

No federal quarantine orders were issued from 1963 until 2020, as American citizens were evacuated from China during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/american-evacuated-china-wary-deadly-virus-68658460 U.S. evacuees 'relieved' about quarantine on military base] 1 February 2020, AMY TAXIN ''abcnews.go.com'', accessed 6 February 2020</ref>

===List of quarantine services in the world===
* [[Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service]]
* [[MAF Quarantine Service]], in the New Zealand
* [[Quarantine, Western Australia]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070829025740/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/quarantine.htm Western Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service] Archived from ''www.agric.wa.gov.au'', accessed 1 February 2020</ref>
* [[Samoa Quarantine Service]], in the [[West Samoa]]
* [[Racehorse & Equine Quarantine Services]], A company built & developed by Frankie Thevarasa [[Kuala Lumpur Malaysia]]
* [[Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare]], a Federal Quarantine Service of the [[Government of Russia]].