New York City

=== Climate ===
{{main|Climate of New York City}}
{{climate chart
| New York
| 27.9 | 39.5 | 3.64
| 29.5 | 42.2 | 3.19
| 35.8 | 49.9 | 4.29
| 45.5 | 61.8 | 4.09
| 55.0 | 70.8 | 3.96
| 64.4 | 79.7 | 4.54
| 70.1 | 84.9 | 4.60
| 68.9 | 83.3 | 4.56
| 62.3 | 76.2 | 4.31
| 51.4 | 64.5 | 4.38
| 42.0 | 54.0 | 3.58
| 33.8 | 44.3 | 4.38
| units  = imperial
| float  = right
| clear  = right
| source = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" }}
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], New York City has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and [[humid continental climate]]s (Dfa).<ref name="Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A">{{cite web |last1 = Peel |first1 = M.C. |last2 = Finlayson |first2 = B.L. |last3 = McMahon |first3 = T.A |title = World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url = https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |archive-date = January 13, 2015 |access-date = April 26, 2013 |publisher = [[The University of Melbourne]] }}</ref><ref name="newyorkpolonia.com">{{cite web |title = New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York |url = http://www.newyorkpolonia.com/index.php?sitelg=en&p=localinfo |access-date = April 26, 2013 |publisher = NewYorkPolonia.com }}</ref> The city receives an average of {{convert|49.5|in|sigfig=3}} of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averages [[Climate of New York City#Other phenomena|over 2,500 hours of sunshine]] annually.<ref name=NYCSunshine>{{cite web|title=Average monthly hours of sunshine in New York City (NY)|url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-hours-Sunshine,New-York,United-States-of-America#google_vignette|publisher=World Weather & Climate Information|access-date=January 1, 2024|quote=On average, the total annual amount of sun is 2540 hours.}}</ref>

Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow [[sea breeze]]s offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the [[Appalachian Mountains]] keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes.<ref>[http://www.climateandweather.com/weather-in-new-york Weather in New York], Climate and Weather. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Sprawling across three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River in the north-eastern United States, New York City's climate benefits from the warm Gulf Stream of the Atlantic Ocean. This, coupled with the protection of the Appalachian Mountains inland, keep the city warmer than other big American cities at similar latitudes."</ref> The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is {{convert|33.3|°F|1}}.<ref name="NOAA txt">{{cite web |title = New York, NY |url = http://w2.weather.gov/climate/local_data.php?wfo=okx |publisher = United States [[National Weather Service]] |access-date = July 30, 2022 }}</ref> Temperatures usually drop to {{convert|10|°F|0}} several times per winter,<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title = The Climate of New York |url = http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080412104922/http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |archive-date = April 12, 2008 |access-date = July 6, 2012 |publisher = [[Cornell University]] }}</ref> yet can also reach {{convert|60|°F}} for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of {{convert|77.5|°F|1}} in July.<ref name="NOAA txt" />

Nighttime temperatures are {{Convert|9.5|F-change}} degrees higher for the average city resident due to the [[urban heat island]] effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings.<ref>Maldonando, Samantha. [https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/07/26/heat-island-hot-map-temperature/ "How Much Hotter Is NYC's Heat Island Effect Making Your Neighborhood?"], [[The City (website)|The City]], July 26, 2023. Accessed December 30, 2023. "The city as a whole feels about 9.5 degrees hotter for the average New Yorker. That's thanks to the human-made surroundings that define the cityscape: tall buildings that limit air circulation, abundant asphalt and pavement and the heat-generating things New Yorkers do fairly close to one another, like running appliances and driving."</ref> Daytime temperatures exceed {{convert|90|°F|0}} on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed {{convert|100|°F|0}}, although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012.<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" >{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = May 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224841/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = noaasun>{{cite web|title=New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Weather Atlas NYC">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/new-york-climate |title=New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}</ref> Similarly, readings of {{convert|0|°F|0}} are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.weather2000.com/NY_Cold.html |title = Days below 0&nbsp;°F in New York City |publisher = Weather 2000 |access-date = June 24, 2021 }}</ref> Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|106|°F|0}}, recorded on July 9, 1936, down to {{convert|−15|°F|0}} on February 9, 1934;<ref name="NOAA txt" /> the coldest recorded wind chill was {{convert|−37|°F|0}} on the same day as the all-time record low.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Pollak |first = Michael |date = January 10, 2014 |title = Determining New York City's Record Wind Chill |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/nyregion/determining-new-york-citys-record-wind-chill.html |access-date = November 5, 2021 }}</ref> Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was {{convert|29.8|in|cm|0}}; this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was {{convert|2|°F|0}} on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was {{convert|87|°F|0}}, on July 2, 1903.<ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA" /> The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from {{convert|39.7|°F|1}} in February to {{convert|74.1|°F|1}} in August.<ref>{{cite web |title = New York City Sea Temperature—United States—Sea Temperatures |url = https://www.seatemperature.org/north-america/united-states/new-york-city.htm |website = World Sea Temperatures |access-date = November 5, 2021 }}</ref>

[[Hurricane]]s and [[tropical storm]]s are rare in the New York area.<ref>{{cite news |last = Dolnick |first = Sam |date = August 28, 2011 |title = Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York—Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irene-lash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all |access-date = November 5, 2021 }}</ref> Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive [[storm surge]] to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |date = October 29, 2012 |title = Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast |url = http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |access-date = January 22, 2013 |publisher = [[CNN]] |archive-date = January 20, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130120072118/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing [[seawall]]s and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2>{{cite web |last = Eshelman |first = Robert S. |date = November 15, 2012 |title = Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form |url = http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082031/http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059972561 |archive-date = July 2, 2015 |access-date = July 23, 2015 |publisher = [[Environment & Energy Publishing]], LLC |url-status = dead }}</ref>{{Weather box
| name = New York City weatherbox
| location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020}} extremes 1869–present{{efn|Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956 Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks]</ref>}}
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 72
| Feb record high F = 78
| Mar record high F = 86
| Apr record high F = 96
| May record high F = 99
| Jun record high F = 101
| Jul record high F = 106
| Aug record high F = 104
| Sep record high F = 102
| Oct record high F = 94
| Nov record high F = 84
| Dec record high F = 75
| year record high F = 106
<!-- To calculate avg record high, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, max temp as variable, and daily maximum under summary and values are obtained under "mean"  -->| Jan avg record high F = 60.4
| Feb avg record high F = 60.7
| Mar avg record high F = 70.3
| Apr avg record high F = 82.9
| May avg record high F = 88.5
| Jun avg record high F = 92.1
| Jul avg record high F = 95.7
| Aug avg record high F = 93.4
| Sep avg record high F = 89.0
| Oct avg record high F = 79.7
| Nov avg record high F = 70.7
| Dec avg record high F = 62.9
| year avg record high F = 97.0
| Jan high F = 39.5
| Feb high F = 42.2
| Mar high F = 49.9
| Apr high F = 61.8
| May high F = 71.4
| Jun high F = 79.7
| Jul high F = 84.9
| Aug high F = 83.3
| Sep high F = 76.2
| Oct high F = 64.5
| Nov high F = 54.0
| Dec high F = 44.3
| year high F = 62.6
| Jan mean F = 33.7
| Feb mean F = 35.9
| Mar mean F = 42.8
| Apr mean F = 53.7
| May mean F = 63.2
| Jun mean F = 72.0
| Jul mean F = 77.5
| Aug mean F = 76.1
| Sep mean F = 69.2
| Oct mean F = 57.9
| Nov mean F = 48.0
| Dec mean F = 39.1
| year mean F = 55.8
| Jan low F = 27.9
| Feb low F = 29.5
| Mar low F = 35.8
| Apr low F = 45.5
| May low F = 55.0
| Jun low F = 64.4
| Jul low F = 70.1
| Aug low F = 68.9
| Sep low F = 62.3
| Oct low F = 51.4
| Nov low F = 42.0
| Dec low F = 33.8
| year low F = 48.9
<!-- To calculate avg record low, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, min as variable, and daily minium under summary and values are obtained under "mean"  -->| Jan avg record low F = 9.8
| Feb avg record low F = 12.7
| Mar avg record low F = 19.7
| Apr avg record low F = 32.8
| May avg record low F = 43.9
| Jun avg record low F = 52.7
| Jul avg record low F = 61.8
| Aug avg record low F = 60.3
| Sep avg record low F = 50.2
| Oct avg record low F = 38.4
| Nov avg record low F = 27.7
| Dec avg record low F = 18.0
| year avg record low F = 7.7
| Jan record low F = −6
| Feb record low F = −15
| Mar record low F = 3
| Apr record low F = 12
| May record low F = 32
| Jun record low F = 44
| Jul record low F = 52
| Aug record low F = 50
| Sep record low F = 39
| Oct record low F = 28
| Nov record low F = 5
| Dec record low F = −13
| year record low F = -15
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 3.64
| Feb precipitation inch = 3.19
| Mar precipitation inch = 4.29
| Apr precipitation inch = 4.09
| May precipitation inch = 3.96
| Jun precipitation inch = 4.54
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.60
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.56
| Sep precipitation inch = 4.31
| Oct precipitation inch = 4.38
| Nov precipitation inch = 3.58
| Dec precipitation inch = 4.38
| year precipitation inch = 49.52
| Jan snow inch = 8.8
| Feb snow inch = 10.1
| Mar snow inch = 5.0
| Apr snow inch = 0.4
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.1
| Nov snow inch = 0.5
| Dec snow inch = 4.9
| year snow inch = 29.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 10.8
| Feb precipitation days = 10.0
| Mar precipitation days = 11.1
| Apr precipitation days = 11.4
| May precipitation days = 11.5
| Jun precipitation days = 11.2
| Jul precipitation days = 10.5
| Aug precipitation days = 10.0
| Sep precipitation days = 8.8
| Oct precipitation days = 9.5
| Nov precipitation days = 9.2
| Dec precipitation days = 11.4
| year precipitation days = 125.4
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 3.7
| Feb snow days = 3.2
| Mar snow days = 2.0
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.2
| Dec snow days = 2.1
| year snow days = 11.4
| humidity colour = green
| Jan humidity = 61.5
| Feb humidity = 60.2
| Mar humidity = 58.5
| Apr humidity = 55.3
| May humidity = 62.7
| Jun humidity = 65.2
| Jul humidity = 64.2
| Aug humidity = 66.0
| Sep humidity = 67.8
| Oct humidity = 65.6
| Nov humidity = 64.6
| Dec humidity = 64.1
| year humidity = 63.0
| Jan sun = 162.7
| Feb sun = 163.1
| Mar sun = 212.5
| Apr sun = 225.6
| May sun = 256.6
| Jun sun = 257.3
| Jul sun = 268.2
| Aug sun = 268.2
| Sep sun = 219.3
| Oct sun = 211.2
| Nov sun = 151.0
| Dec sun = 139.0
| year sun = 
| Jan percentsun = 54
| Feb percentsun = 55
| Mar percentsun = 57
| Apr percentsun = 57
| May percentsun = 57
| Jun percentsun = 57
| Jul percentsun = 59
| Aug percentsun = 63
| Sep percentsun = 59
| Oct percentsun = 61
| Nov percentsun = 51
| Dec percentsun = 48
| year percentsun = 57
| Jan dew point C = −7.8
| Feb dew point C = −7.2
| Mar dew point C = −3.4
| Apr dew point C = 1.1
| May dew point C = 8.5
| Jun dew point C = 14.1
| Jul dew point C = 16.6
| Aug dew point C = 16.7
| Sep dew point C = 13.1
| Oct dew point C = 6.7
| Nov dew point C = 1.1
| Dec dew point C = −4.1
| year dew point C = 4.6
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 4
| Apr uv = 6
| May uv = 7
| Jun uv = 8
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 8
| Sep uv = 6
| Oct uv = 4
| Nov uv = 2
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" >{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = May 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224841/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = noaasun>{{cite web|title=New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas NYC">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/new-york-climate |title=New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}</ref>
See [[Climate of New York City]] for additional climate information from the outer boroughs.
| source = 
| collapsed = y
}}