New Testament

===New Testament canons===

{{See also|Canon of the New Testament}}
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{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
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! style="width:124px;"| Books
!  style="width:123px; text-align:center;"| Protestant & [[Restorationism|Restoration]] tradition
! style="width:123px;"| Roman Catholic tradition
! style="width:123px;"| Eastern Orthodox tradition
! style="width:123px;"| Armenian Apostolic tradition<br>{{refn|group=N|name=Armenian|The growth and development of the Armenian biblical canon is complex; extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Some of the books are not listed in this table; these include the Prayer of [[Euthalius]], the Repose of [[St. John the Evangelist]], the [[Doctrine of Addai]], a reading from the [[Gospel of James]], [[Apostolic Canons|the Second Apostolic Canons]], the Words of [[Joseph Barsabbas|Justus]], [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Dionysius Areopagite]], the [[Preaching of Peter]], and a Poem by [[Ghazar Parpetsi|Ghazar]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} (Various sources{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} also mention undefined Armenian canonical additions to the Gospels of Mark and John. These may refer to the general additions—Mark 16:9–20 and John 7:53–8:11—discussed elsewhere in these notes.) A possible exception here to canonical exclusivity is the Second Apostolic Canons, which share a common source—the [[Apostolic Constitutions]]—with certain parts of the Orthodox Tewahedo New Testament broader canon.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The ''Acts of Thaddeus'' was included in the biblical canon of [[Gregory of Tatev]].{{sfn|Nersessian|2001|p=29}} There is some uncertainty about whether Armenian canon lists include the Doctrine of Addai or the related [[Acts of Thaddeus]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Moreover, the correspondence between King [[Abgar V]] and Jesus Christ, which is found in various forms—including within both the Doctrine of Addai and the Acts of Thaddeus—sometimes appears separately (see [http://www.looys.net/BIBCANON.DOC list]{{full citation needed|date=February 2016}}). The Prayer of Euthalius and the Repose of St. John the Evangelist appear in the appendix of the 1805 Armenian Zohrab Bible.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Some of the aforementioned books, though they are found within canon lists, have nonetheless never been discovered to be part of any Armenian biblical manuscript.{{sfn|Nersessian|2001|p=29}}}}
! style="width:123px;"| Coptic Orthodox tradition
! style="width:123px;"| [[Orthodox Tewahedo]] traditions
! style="width:123px;"| [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]] traditions
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| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Canonical Gospels]]''<ref group="N" name="infancy">Though widely regarded as non-canonical,{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to [[Mary, the mother of Jesus]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>
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| [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref group=N name=Tatian>The [[Diatessaron]], [[Tatian]]'s [[gospel harmony]], became a standard text in some Syriac-speaking churches down to the 5th century, when it gave way to the four separate gospels found in the Peshitta.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>
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| [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]<ref group="N" name="Addition">Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources; in some cases, are thought to be later additions, and have therefore not appeared historically in every biblical tradition.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} They are as follows: [[Mark 16|Mark 16:9–20]], [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|John 7:53–8:11]], the [[Comma Johanneum]], and portions of the [[Acts of the Apostles#Manuscripts|Western version of Acts]]. To varying degrees, arguments for the authenticity of these passages—especially for the one from the Gospel of John—have occasionally been made.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref group=N name=Tatian/>
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| [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref group=N name=Tatian/>
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| [[Gospel of John|John]]<ref group=N name=Addition/><ref group="N" name="Goth">[[Skeireins]], a commentary on the Gospel of John in the [[Gothic language]], was included in the [[Wulfila Bible]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} It exists today only in fragments.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref group=N name=Tatian/>
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Apostolic Age|Apostolic History]]''
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| [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]]<ref group=N name=Addition/> || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[Acts of Paul and Thecla]]<br><ref group="N" name="AoP">The Acts of Paul and Thecla and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are all portions of the greater [[Acts of Paul]] narrative, which is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the [[Codex Claromontanus]], but has survived only in fragments.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burris |first1=Catherine |last2=Van Rompay |first2=Lucas |year=2002 |title=Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Premliminary Observations |journal=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies |publisher=Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=225–236 |doi=10.31826/hug-2010-050112|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Carter |first=Nancy A. |year=2000 |title=The Acts of Thecla: A Pauline Tradition Linked to Women |publisher=Conflict and Community in the Corinthian Church |url=http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/theclabackground.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128114841/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/theclabackground.stm |archive-date=28 November 2014}}</ref>|| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>(early tradition) || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>(early tradition)
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Catholic Epistles]]''
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| [[Epistle of James|James]] || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Luther/> || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[First Epistle of Peter|1 Peter]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Second Epistle of Peter|2 Peter]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group="N" name="Syriac">The Peshitta excludes 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Still today, the official [[lectionary]] followed by the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East presents lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta, the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>
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| [[First Epistle of John|1 John]]<ref group=N name=Addition/> || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Second Epistle of John|2 John]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Syriac/>
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| [[Third Epistle of John|3 John]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Syriac/>
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| [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Luther/> || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Syriac/>
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|''[[Pauline Epistles]]''
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| [[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians|2 Corinthians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Third Epistle to the Corinthians|3 Corinthians]]<br><ref group=N name=AoP/>|| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;"| No − inc. in some mss. || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>(early tradition)
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| [[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to the Ephesians|Ephesians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to the Colossians|Colossians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to the Laodiceans|Laodiceans]] || style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No − inc. in some eds.<br><ref group="N" name="Laodiceans">The Epistle to the Laodiceans is present in some western non-Roman Catholic translations and traditions.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Especially of note is [[John Wycliffe]]'s inclusion of the epistle in his English translation,{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} and the [[Quakers]]' use of it to the point where they produced a translation and made pleas for its canonicity, see Poole's ''Annotations'', on Col. 4:16. The epistle is nonetheless widely rejected by the vast majority of Protestants.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Poole |first=Matthew |year=1852 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN0XAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA729 |title=Annotations Upon the Holy Bible, Vol. III |publisher=Robert Carter and Brothers |page=729}}</ref>|| style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;" | No − inc. in some mss. || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
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| [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians|2 Thessalonians]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group="N" name="Luther">These four works were questioned or "[[Antilegomena|spoken against]]" by [[Martin Luther]], and he changed the order of [[Luther Bible|his New Testament]] to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] body since.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Lutheran" order.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} The vast majority of Protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Second Epistle to Timothy|2 Timothy]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to Titus|Titus]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| [[Epistle to Philemon|Philemon]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
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| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Apocalypse]]''<ref group="N" name="ApocPeter">The [[Apocalypse of Peter]], though not listed in this table, is mentioned in the [[Muratorian fragment]] and is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} It was also held in high regard by [[Clement of Alexandria]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>
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| [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Luther/> || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;"| Yes<ref group=N name=Syriac/>
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| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Apostolic Fathers]]<ref group="N" name="Fathers">Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows: the seven [[Epistles of Ignatius]], the [[Epistle of Polycarp]], the [[Martyrdom of Polycarp]], the [[Epistle to Diognetus]], the fragment of [[Quadratus of Athens]], the fragments of [[Papias of Hierapolis]], the Reliques of the Elders Preserved in [[Irenaeus]], and the [[Apostles' Creed]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref> and [[Ancient Church Orders|Church Orders]]''<ref group="N" name="Apostloic">Though they are not listed in this table, the [[Apostolic Constitutions]] were considered canonical by some including [[Alexius Aristenus]], [[John of Salisbury]], and to a lesser extent, [[Grigor Tatevatsi|Grigor Tat`evatsi]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} They are even classified as part of the New Testament canon within the body of the Constitutions itself; moreover, they are the source for a great deal of the content in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>
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| [[1 Clement]]<ref group="N" name="ApFa">These five writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers are not currently considered canonical in any biblical tradition, though they are more highly regarded by some more than others.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Nonetheless, their early authorship and inclusion in ancient biblical codices, as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities, requires them to be treated as foundational literature for Christianity as a whole.{{according to whom|date=February 2016}}{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>|| colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;" | No<br>(Codices [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Hierosolymitanus|Hierosolymitanus]])
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| [[2 Clement]]<ref group=N name=ApFa/> || colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>(Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus)
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| [[Shepherd of Hermas]]<ref group=N name=ApFa/> || colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>([[Codex Sinaiticus]])
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| [[Epistle of Barnabas]]<ref group=N name=ApFa/> || colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>(Codices Hierosolymitanus and Sinaiticus)
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| [[Didache]]<ref group=N name=ApFa/> || colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;"| No<br>(Codex Hierosolymitanus)
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| Ser`atä Seyon<br>([[Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon|Sinodos]]) || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
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| Te'ezaz<br>(Sinodos) || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
|-
| Gessew<br />(Sinodos) || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
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| Abtelis<br />(Sinodos) || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
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| [[Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon|Book of the<br>Covenant 1]]<br>(Mäshafä Kidan) || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
|-
| Book of the<br>Covenant 2<br>(Mäshafä Kidan) || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
|-
| [[Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon|Ethiopic Clement]]<br>(Qälëmentos)<ref group="N" name="Ethiopic">Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>|| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
|-
| [[Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon#Ethiopic Didascalia|Ethiopic Didescalia]]<br>(Didesqelya)<ref group=N name=Ethiopic/> || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;"| Yes<br>(broader canon) || {{No}}
|}

;Table notes

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