Lagos

== Climate ==
Lagos experiences a [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]], as there are three months under {{convert|60|mm|in|1|disp=or|abbr=on}} of rain, and annual rainfall is not nearly high enough for [[tropical monsoon climate|tropical monsoon]] classification. The wet season starts in March and ends in October, while the dry season starts in November and ends in February. The wettest month is June with precipitation total {{convert|315.5|mm|in|2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, while the driest month is January with precipitation total {{convert|13.2|mm|in|2|disp=or|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Located near the equator, Lagos has only a slight seasonal temperature variation, with mean high temperatures ranging from {{cvt|28.3|to|32.9|C|F}}. Lagos shares the seasons of the Southern Hemisphere, with the highest temperatures in March with a daily range from {{cvt|32.9|to|24.1|C|F}}, and least hot temperatures in August ranging from {{cvt|28.3|to|21.8|C|F}}.  
{{Weather Box
|location = Lagos ([[Murtala Muhammed International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes: 1886–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 40.0
|Feb record high C = 37.1
|Mar record high C = 37.0
|Apr record high C = 39.6
|May record high C = 37.0
|Jun record high C = 37.6
|Jul record high C = 33.2
|Aug record high C = 33.0
|Sep record high C = 33.2
|Oct record high C = 33.7
|Nov record high C = 39.9
|Dec record high C = 36.4
|year record high C = 40.0
|Jan high C = 33.2
|Feb high C = 34.0
|Mar high C = 33.7
|Apr high C = 33.0
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 30.1
|Jul high C = 28.8
|Aug high C = 28.7
|Sep high C = 29.3
|Oct high C = 30.6
|Nov high C = 32.3
|Dec high C = 33.2
|year high C = 31.6
|Jan mean C = 28.3
|Feb mean C = 29.4
|Mar mean C = 29.5
|Apr mean C = 29.0
|May mean C = 28.1
|Jun mean C = 26.8
|Jul mean C = 26.0
|Aug mean C = 25.9
|Sep mean C = 26.3
|Oct mean C = 27.0
|Nov mean C = 28.1
|Dec mean C = 28.3
|year mean C = 27.7
|Jan low C = 23.5
|Feb low C = 24.8
|Mar low C = 25.3
|Apr low C = 25.0
|May low C = 24.4
|Jun low C = 22.8
|Jul low C = 22.7
|Aug low C = 22.6
|Sep low C = 22.5
|Oct low C = 22.5
|Nov low C = 22.2
|Dec low C = 23.4
|year low C = 23.5
|Jan record low C = 12.6
|Feb record low C = 16.1
|Mar record low C = 14.0
|Apr record low C = 14.9
|May record low C = 20.0
|Jun record low C = 21.2
|Jul record low C = 15.0
|Aug record low C = 19.0
|Sep record low C = 13.0
|Oct record low C = 17.9
|Nov record low C = 11.1
|Dec record low C = 11.6
|year record low C = 11.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 23.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 71.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 141.6
|May precipitation mm = 205.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 291.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 195.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 72.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 205.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 183.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 93.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 22.6
|year precipitation mm = 1549.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.3
|Feb precipitation days = 2.5
|Mar precipitation days = 5.1
|Apr precipitation days = 7.4
|May precipitation days = 10.6
|Jun precipitation days = 15.1
|Jul precipitation days = 11.3
|Aug precipitation days = 7.3
|Sep precipitation days = 12.8
|Oct precipitation days = 11.5
|Nov precipitation days = 5.7
|Dec precipitation days = 1.7
|year precipitation days = 92.3
|Jan humidity = 77.7
|Feb humidity = 81.3
|Mar humidity = 84.2
|Apr humidity = 86.0
|May humidity = 86.7
|Jun humidity = 88.2
|Jul humidity = 88.5
|Aug humidity = 88.0
|Sep humidity = 89.0
|Oct humidity = 88.2
|Nov humidity = 84.3
|Dec humidity = 78.8
|year humidity = 85.1
| Jan dew point C =21
| Feb dew point C =24
| Mar dew point C =25
| Apr dew point C =25
| May dew point C =24
| Jun dew point C =24
| Jul dew point C =23
| Aug dew point C =23
| Sep dew point C =24
| Oct dew point C =24
| Nov dew point C =24
| Dec dew point C =23
| Jand sun  =5.3
| Febd sun  =6.1
| Mard sun  =5.6
| Aprd sun  =6.0
| Mayd sun  =5.7
| Jund sun  =3.8
| Juld sun  =3.2
| Augd sun  =3.5
| Sepd sun  =3.8
| Octd sun  =5.4
| Novd sun  =6.2
| Decd sun  =6.2
|Jan sun = 164.3
|Feb sun = 168.0
|Mar sun = 173.6
|Apr sun = 180.0
|May sun = 176.7
|Jun sun = 114.0
|Jul sun = 99.2
|Aug sun = 108.5
|Sep sun = 114.0
|Oct sun = 167.4
|Nov sun = 186.0
|Dec sun = 192.2
|year sun = 1843.9
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (monthly sun hours 1961–1990)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230826203502/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Nigeria/CSV/Ikeja_65201.csv
| archive-date = 26 August 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Nigeria/CSV/Ikeja_65201.csv
| title = Ikeja Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 26 August 2023}}</ref><ref name = NOAASun>
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65201.TXT
| title = Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 7 July 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769
| title = Station Murtala
| publisher = Meteo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = 7 July 2016
| archive-date = 25 February 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061425/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1769
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/lagos/climate
|title = Climate & Weather Averages in Lagos, Nigeria
|publisher = Time and Date
|access-date = 10 January 2022
|archive-date = 10 January 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220110110911/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/lagos/climate
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
Weather Atlas (daily sun hours)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/lagos-climate#daylight_sunshine
|title = Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos, Nigeria
|publisher = Weather Atlas
|access-date = 10 January 2022
|archive-date = 10 January 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220110110911/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/lagos-climate#daylight_sunshine
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

=== Climate change ===
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Lagos in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Panama City]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|1.6|C-change|F-change}} and the temperature of the warmest month by {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the coldest month would be {{convert|2.9|C-change|F-change}} higher.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Lagos is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Durban]], Lagos, [[Lomé]], [[Luanda]] and [[Maputo]]) that would be the most severely affected by [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damage of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion in the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]] at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damage, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206082533/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf |date=6 December 2022 }}. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |date=28 February 2022 }} [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201719/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>