Inductive reasoning

===Ancient philosophy===
For a move from particular to universal, [[Aristotle]] in the 300s BCE used the Greek word ''epagogé'', which [[Cicero]] translated into the Latin word ''inductio''.<ref name="Gattei">Stefano Gattei, ''Karl Popper's Philosophy of Science: Rationality without Foundations'' (New York: [[Routledge]], 2009), ch. 2 "Science and philosophy", [https://books.google.com/books?id=oPPu1JvMBFoC&pg=PA28#v=twopage pp. 28–30].</ref>

====Aristotle and the Peripatetic School====
Aristotle's ''[[Posterior Analytics]]'' covers the methods of inductive proof in natural philosophy and in the social sciences.  The first book of [[s:Organon (Owen)/The Posterior Analytics|Posterior Analytics]] describes the nature and science of demonstration and its elements: including definition, division, intuitive reason of first principles, particular and universal demonstration, affirmative and negative demonstration, the difference between science and opinion, etc.

====Pyrrhonism====
The ancient [[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonists]] were the first Western philosophers to point out the [[Problem of induction]]: that induction cannot, according to them, justify the acceptance of universal statements as true.<ref name="Gattei" />

====Ancient medicine====
The [[Empiric school]] of ancient Greek medicine employed ''[[epilogism]]'' as a method of inference. 'Epilogism' is a theory-free method that looks at history through the accumulation of facts without major generalization and with consideration of the consequences of making causal claims.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Taleb|first=Nassim Nicholas|title=The Black Swan: Second Edition: The Impact of the Highly Improbable Fragility|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|year=2010|isbn=978-0812973815|location=New York|pages=199, 302, 383}}</ref> Epilogism is an inference which moves entirely within the domain of visible and evident things, it tries not to invoke [[unobservable]]s.

The [[Dogmatic school]] of ancient Greek medicine employed ''analogismos'' as a method of inference.<ref>[[Galen]] ''On Medical Experience'', 24.</ref> This method used analogy to reason from what was observed to unobservable forces.