Eastern Orthodox Church

=== Great Schism (1054) ===

{{Main|East–West Schism}}

In the 11th century, what was recognised as the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] took place between [[Rome]] and [[Constantinople]], which led to separation between the Church of the West, the Catholic Church, and the Eastern Byzantine churches, now the Orthodox.<ref name=NatGeo>{{Cite news|last=National Geographic Society|date=6 April 2020|title=Great Schism|work=National Geographic Society|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul16/great-schism/|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> There were doctrinal issues like the [[filioque]] clause and the authority of the Roman [[Pope]] involved in the split, but these were greatly exacerbated by political factors of both Church and state, and by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Regarding [[papal supremacy]], the Eastern half grew disillusioned with the Pope's centralisation of power, as well as his blatant attempts of excluding the Eastern half in regard to papal approvals. It had previously been the case that the emperor would have a say when a new Pope was elected, but towards the high Middle Ages, the Christians in Rome were slowly consolidating power and removing Byzantine influence. However, even before this exclusionary tendency from the West, well before 1054, the Eastern and Western halves of the Church were in perpetual conflict, particularly during the periods of Eastern [[iconoclasm]] and the [[Photian schism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/|title = East-West Schism 01 |publisher = Orthodox Church in the Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114151752/http://www.orthodox.org.ph/content/view/211/50/ |archive-date = 14 January 2012 |url-status = dead |access-date = 20 June 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Tintoretto.2tomaconstantinopla.jpg|thumb|Latin Crusaders [[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|sacking the city of Constantinople]], the capital of the Eastern Orthodox controlled [[Byzantine Empire]], in 1204]]

The final breach is often considered to have arisen after the capture and sacking of Constantinople by the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204; the final break with Rome occurred circa 1450. The sacking of [[Hagia Sophia|Church of Holy Wisdom]] and establishment of the [[Latin Empire]] as a seeming attempt to supplant the Orthodox [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1204 is viewed with some rancour to the present day. In 2004, [[Pope John Paul II]] extended a formal apology for the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, which had also been strongly condemned by the Pope at the time, [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]]; the apology was formally accepted by [[Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople]]. However, many items stolen during this time, such as [[relic|holy relics]] and riches, are still held in various European cities, particularly [[Venice]].<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1204innocent.html Pope Innocent III, Letters, 126] (given 12 July 1205, and addressed to the papal legate, who had absolved the crusaders from their pilgrimage vows). Text taken from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook by Paul Halsall. Modified. Original translation by J. Brundage.</ref><ref>{{cite book|date = 1979 |title = The Horses of San Marco, Venice|publisher = Thames and Hudson |page = 191 |translator1-first = John|translator2-first = Valerie|translator1-last = Wilton-Ely|translator2-last = Wilton-Ely|isbn =0500233047 }}</ref>

Reunion was attempted twice, at the 1274 [[Second Council of Lyon]] and the 1439 [[Council of Florence]]. The Council of Florence briefly reestablished communion between East and West, which lasted until after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. In each case, however, the councils were rejected by the Orthodox people as a whole, and the union of Florence also became very politically difficult after Constantinople came under Ottoman rule. However, in the time since, several local Orthodox Christian churches have renewed union with Rome, known as the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]. Recent decades have seen a renewal of ecumenical spirit and dialogue between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles4/CarlsonUnity.php|title=Dr. David Carlson – Continuing the Dialogue of Love: Orthodox-Catholic Relations in 2004|author=Articles on moral / morality Orthodox Christian perspective.|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>