Doctor of Science

=== Other European countries ===
In the former [[Yugoslavia]], (Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia),<ref>[[Yugoslavia]]</ref> title ''doktor nauka'' or ''doktor znanosti'' (literally "doctor of science") is used in a much broader sense than DSc, simply referring to a field of academic study – from art history (''doktor znanosti/nauka povijesti umjetnosti''), philosophy (''doktor znanosti/nauka filozofije''), and literary studies (''doktor znanosti/nauka književnosti'') to hard sciences such as molecular biology (''doktor znanosti/nauka molekularne biologije''). It is therefore formally recognized as a PhD degree.

Starting in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/ua/cardnpd?docid=248945529|title=Урядовий портал - найновіші надходження документів КМУ|date=17 September 2016|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917233058/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/ua/cardnpd?docid=248945529|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> in [[Ukraine]] Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, {{lang-uk|links=no|Доктор філософії}}) is the highest education level and first science degree. "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc {{lang-uk|links=no|Доктор наук}}) is the second and the highest science degree, awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine.

In [[Belarus]] "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc, {{lang-be|links=no|Доктар навук}}) is the highest level of education that follows a PhD. Is awarded by [[Higher Attestation Commission|The Higher Attestation Commission]] under the aegis of the [[President of Belarus|President of the Republic of Belarus]].