Christmas

=== Music and carols ===

{{Main|Christmas music}}
[[File:Chant'tie d'Cantiques dé Noué Dézembre 2009 Jèrri a.jpg|thumb|Christmas carolers in [[Jersey]]]]

The earliest extant specifically Christmas hymns appear in fourth-century [[Rome]]. Latin hymns such as {{lang|la|"[[Veni redemptor gentium]]"}}, written by [[Ambrose]], Archbishop of Milan, were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition to [[Arianism]]. {{lang|la|"[[Corde natus ex Parentis]]"}} ("Of the Father's love begotten") by the Spanish poet [[Prudentius]] ({{abbr|died|d.}} 413) is still sung in some churches today.<ref>Miles, Clement, ''Christmas customs and traditions'', Courier Dover Publications, 1976, {{ISBN|0-486-23354-5}}, p. 32.</ref> In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christmas "Sequence" or "Prose" was introduced in North European monasteries, developing under [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] into a sequence of rhymed [[stanza]]s. In the 12th century the Parisian monk [[Adam of St. Victor]] began to derive music from popular songs, introducing something closer to the traditional [[Christmas carol]]. Christmas carols in English appear in a 1426 work of [[John Audelay|John Awdlay]] who lists twenty five "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of '[[wassailing|wassailers]]', who went from house to house.<ref>Miles, Clement, ''Christmas customs and traditions'', Courier Dover Publications, 1976, pp. 47–48</ref>

[[File:Steaua, Bucharest, 1842 crop.jpg|thumb|left|Child singers in [[Bucharest]], 1841]]

The songs now known specifically as carols were originally communal folk songs sung during celebrations such as "harvest tide" as well as Christmas. It was only later that carols began to be sung in church. Traditionally, carols have often been based on [[medieval]] chord patterns, and it is this that gives them their uniquely characteristic musical sound. Some carols like "[[Personent hodie]]", "[[Good King Wenceslas]]", and {{lang|la|"[[In dulci jubilo]]"}} can be traced directly back to the [[Middle Ages]]. They are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung. {{lang|la|"[[Adeste Fideles]]"}} (O Come all ye faithful) appeared in its current form in the mid-18th century.

The singing of carols increased in popularity after the [[Protestant Reformation]] in the [[Lutheran]] areas of Europe, as the Reformer [[Martin Luther]] wrote carols and encouraged their use in worship, in addition to spearheading the practice of caroling outside the [[Mass (liturgy)#Lutheranism|Mass]].<ref name="Clancy2008">{{cite book |last1=Clancy |first1=Ronald M. |title=Sacred Christmas Music: The Stories Behind the Most Beloved Songs of Devotion |date=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-4027-5811-9 |page=40 |language=en |quote=Luther sought reforms in music, as he sought change in theology, ethics, ritual, and art. He loved polyphony and wanted music that moved people by fusing faith and song. He encouraged a greater participation by the congregation in singing, and he simplified the music from choir plainsong to easy harmony{{nbsp}}[...] Luther published hundreds of hymn texts to be sung to popular melodies and simple chants. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Reformation extended the range of religious choral music beyond the liturgy, and the informal group singing of songs was highly encouraged, leading to a greater familiarity with Christmas hymns.}}</ref> The 18th-century English reformer [[Charles Wesley]], a founder of [[Methodism]], understood the importance of music to Christian worship. In addition to setting many psalms to melodies, he wrote texts for at least three Christmas carols. The best known was originally entitled "Hark! How All the Welkin Rings", later renamed "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]".<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Dudley-Smith
 |first=Timothy
 |author-link=Timothy Dudley-Smith
 |title=A Flame of Love
 |publisher=Triangle/SPCK
 |location=London
 |year=1987
 |isbn=978-0-281-04300-2
}}</ref>

{{Listen
|filename=U.S. Army Band - Hark! The Herald Angels Sing.ogg
|title=Hark! The Herald Angels Sing
|description=Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus
}}

Christmas seasonal songs of a secular nature emerged in the late 18th century. The Welsh melody for "[[Deck the Halls]]" dates from 1794, with the lyrics added by Scottish musician [[Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)|Thomas Oliphant]] in 1862, and the American "[[Jingle Bells]]" was copyrighted in 1857. Other popular carols include "[[The First Noel]]", "[[God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen]]", "[[The Holly and the Ivy]]", "[[I Saw Three Ships]]", "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]", "[[Joy to the World]]", "[[Once in Royal David's City]]" and "[[While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Thomas |author2=Talhaiarn |author3=Thomas Oliphant  |title=Welsh melodies: with Welsh and English poetry
|location=London |publisher=Addison, Hollier and Lucas |year=1862 |oclc=63015609 |pages=139}}</ref> In the 19th and 20th centuries, African American spirituals and songs about Christmas, based in their tradition of spirituals, became more widely known. An increasing number of seasonal holiday songs were commercially produced in the 20th century, including jazz and blues variations. In addition, there was a revival of interest in early music, from groups singing folk music, such as The Revels, to performers of early medieval and classical music.

One of the most ubiquitous festive songs is "[[We Wish You a Merry Christmas]]", which originates from the [[West Country]] of England in the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Byrne|first=Eugene|date=December 24, 2019|title=Arguably most famous Christmas song was written by a Bristolian|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/wish-you-merry-christmas-written-3678149|access-date=November 6, 2020|website=BristolLive|language=en}}</ref> Radio has covered Christmas music from variety shows from the 1940s and 1950s, as well as modern-day stations that exclusively play Christmas music from late November through December 25.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Smolko|first=Joanna|date=February 4, 2012|title=Christmas music|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic|journal=[[Grove Music Online]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2227990}}</ref> Hollywood movies have featured new Christmas music, such as "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]" in ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' and ''[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Traditional carols have also been included in Hollywood films, such as "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" in ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1946), and "[[Silent Night]]" in ''[[A Christmas Story]]''.<ref name=":0" />