Christians

== Culture ==
{{Main|Christian culture}}
[[File:Collage-Christian-culture.jpg|thumb|200px|Set of pictures showcasing [[Christian culture]] and famous Christian leaders]]
[[Christian culture]] describes the cultural practices common to Christian peoples. There are variations in the application of Christian beliefs in different cultures and traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last= E. McGrath|first= Alister |title=Christianity: An Introduction|year=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=1405108991|page=336}}</ref> Christian culture has influenced and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] much from the [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]], [[Byzantine Empire#Culture|Byzantine]], [[Western culture]],<ref name="Caltron J.H Hayas">Caltron J.H Hayas, ''Christianity and Western Civilization'' (1953), Stanford University Press, p.2: "That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization – the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant."</ref> [[christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ&q=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East:+The+Challenge+of+the+Future|title=Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East|access-date=29 April 2016|isbn=9780198293880|last1=Pacini|first1=Andrea|year=1998|publisher=Clarendon Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=}}</ref> [[List of Slavic cultures|Slavic]],<ref name="Ware1993">{{cite book|last=Ware|first=Kallistos|title=The Orthodox Church|date=29 April 1993|publisher=Penguin Adult|isbn=978-0-14-014656-1|page=8}}</ref> [[Caucasus|Caucasian]],<ref name="Ware1993" /> and [[Culture of India|Indian culture]]s.

Since the spread of Christianity from the [[Levant]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]] and [[Horn of Africa]] during the early [[Roman Empire]], Christendom has been divided in the pre-existing [[Greek East and Latin West]]. Consequently, different versions of the Christian cultures arose with their own [[rite (Christianity)|rites]] and practices, centered around the cities such as [[Rome]] ([[Western Christianity]]) and [[Archdiocese of Carthage|Carthage]], whose communities was called Western or Latin [[Christendom]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chazan |first=Robert |date=2006 |title=The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJQ_98I3R0C |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=xi |isbn=9780521616645 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> and [[Constantinople]] ([[Eastern Christianity]]), [[Antioch]] ([[Syriac Christianity]]), [[Kerala]] ([[Christianity in India|Indian Christianity]]) and [[Alexandria]], among others, whose communities were called Eastern or Oriental Christendom.<ref>Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "christendom. §1.3 Scheidingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyendorff |first=John |title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church |publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press |date=1982 |isbn=978-0-913836-90-3 |location=Yonkers |author-link=John Meyendorff|page=19}}</ref><ref name="Cameron 2006 42–49">{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|author-link=Averil Cameron|title=The Byzantines|year=2006|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2|pages=42–49}}</ref> The [[Byzantine Empire]] was one of the peaks in [[Christian history]] and [[Christian civilization]].<ref name="Cameron 2006 42–49"/> From the 11th to 13th centuries, [[Latin Christendom]] rose to the central role of the [[Western world]] and [[Western culture]].<ref name="Crisis in Western Education">{{cite book|last1=Dawson|first1=Christopher|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961|isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6|edition=reprint|first2=Glenn|last2=Olsen|page=108|publisher=CUA Press }}</ref>

[[Western culture]], throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to [[Christian culture]], and a large portion of the population of the Western Hemisphere can be described as practicing or nominal Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and [[Christendom]]".<ref name="Crisis in Western Education"/> Outside the Western world, Christians has had an influence and contributed on various cultures, such as in Africa, the Near East, Middle East, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=9781351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Politics and Asian Values|first=Michael
|last= D. Barr|year= 2012| isbn=9781136001666| page =81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

Christians have made noted contributions to a range of fields, including philosophy,<ref name="A. Spinello">{{cite book |last= A. Spinello|first= Richard |title=The Encyclicals of John Paul II: An Introduction and Commentary |year=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|quote= ... The insights of Christian philosophy "would not have happened without the direct or indirect contribution of Christian faith" (FR 76). Typical Christian philosophers include St. Augustine, St. Bonaventure, and St. Thomas Aquinas. The benefits derived from Christian philosophy are twofold....|isbn=978-1-4422-1942-7|page=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Wilkens |first=Steve|title=Christianity and Western Thought: Journey to Postmodernity in the Twentieth Century |year=2010|publisher=InterVarsity Press|quote=|isbn=9780830868148|page=326}}</ref> [[List of Christians in science and technology|science and technology]],<ref name="Gilley">{{cite book |last1= Gilley |first1= Sheridan |last2=Stanley |first2=Brian |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote= ... Many of the scientists who contributed to these developments were Christians...|isbn=0-521-81456-1|page=164}}</ref><ref name="Steane">{{cite book |last=Steane |first=Andrew |title=Faithful to Science: The Role of Science in Religion|year=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford|quote= ... the Christian contribution to science has been uniformly at the top level, but it has reached that level and it has been sufficiently strong overall ...|isbn=978-0-19-102513-6|page=179}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Graves|first=Daniel|url=https://www.rae.org/influsci.html|title=Christian Influences in the Sciences|website=rae.org|date=7 July 1998|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084347/https://www.rae.org/influsci.html|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adherents.com/people/100_Nobel.html|title=50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617072212/https://www.adherents.com/people/100_Nobel.html|archive-date=17 June 2019}} Many well-known historical figures who influenced Western science considered themselves Christian such as [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[Robert Boyle]], [[Alessandro Volta]], [[Michael Faraday]], [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell]].</ref> [[Catholic Church and health care|medicine]],<ref name="S. Kroger">{{cite book |last=S. Kroger|first= William|title=Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology|year=2016 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing|quote=Many prominent Catholic physicians and psychologists have made significant contributions to hypnosis in medicine, dentistry, and psychology.|isbn=978-1-78720-304-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Porterfield|first=Amanda |title=Healing in the History of Christianity|year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=|isbn=9780195157185|page=145}}</ref> [[List of Catholic Church artists|fine arts and architecture]],<ref>{{cite book|title=How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization|first=Thomas|last= Woods Jr.|year= 2012| isbn= 9781596983281| page =2|publisher=Regnery Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Christianity for a New Millennium
|first=Scott Gambrill  |last=Sinclair|year= 2008| isbn=  9781461632924| page =140|publisher=Lexington Books}}</ref> [[Christianity and politics|politics]], [[List of Catholic authors|literatures]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Picaresque Novel in Western Literature|first=J. A. |last=G. Ardila|year= 2016| isbn=9781107031654| page =16|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> [[Christian Music|music]],<ref name="E. McGrath">{{cite book |last= E. McGrath|first= Alister |title=Christianity: An Introduction|year=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|quote= Virtually every major European composer contributed to the development of church music. Monteverdi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Rossini, and Verdi are all examples of composers to have made significant contributions in this sphere. The Catholic church was without question one of the most important patrons of musical developments, and a crucial stimulus to the development of the western musical tradition. |isbn=1405108991|page=336}}</ref> and [[business]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression|first=Peter|last= W. Williams|year= 2016| isbn= 9781469626987| page =176|publisher=University of North Carolina Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe|first=Sandra |last=Sider|year= 2007| isbn= 9781469626987| page =209|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> According to ''100 Years of Nobel Prizes'' a review of the Nobel Prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of [[Nobel Prizes]] Laureates, [[List of Christian Nobel laureates|have identified Christianity]] in its various forms as their religious preference.<ref name="Nobel Prize">Baruch A. Shalev, ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/100_Years_of_Nobel_Prizes/PfRaPHr86XUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA57 100 Years of Nobel Prizes]'' (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: "between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. Most (65.4%) have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference."{{ISBN|978-0-935047-37-0}}.</ref>