Apartheid

=== Women under apartheid ===
[[File:Collectie Fotocollectiie Afdrukken ANEFO Rousel, fotonummer 157-0188, Bestanddeelnr 157-0188.jpg|thumb|Black women demonstrate against pass laws, 1956]]
Colonialism and apartheid had a major effect on Black and Coloured women, since they suffered both racial and gender discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's Charter, 17 April 1954 Johannesburg |url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=4666 |publisher=ANC |access-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116104233/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=4666 |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cotula|first=Lorenzo|title=Gender and Law: Women's Rights in Agriculture|year=2006|publisher=FAO|location=Rome|isbn=9789251055632|pages=46–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPDXvKekn0IC|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213174949/https://books.google.com/books?id=JPDXvKekn0IC|url-status=live}}</ref> Judith Nolde argues that in general, South African women were "deprive[d] [...] of their human rights as individuals" under the apartheid system.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nolde|first=Judith|date=1991|title=South African women under apartheid: Employment rights with particular focus on domestic service and forms of resistance to promote change.|url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=twls|journal=Third World Legal Studies|volume=10|page=204|via=scholar.valpo.edu.|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155037/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=twls|url-status=live}}</ref> Jobs were often hard to find. Many Black and Coloured women worked as agricultural or [[domestic worker]]s, but wages were extremely low, if existent.<ref name="d">{{cite book|last1=Lapchick|first1=Richard E.|first2=Stephanie|last2=Urdang|year=1982|title=Oppression and Resistance: The Struggle of Women in Southern Africa|publisher=Greenwood Press|pages=48, 52 |isbn=9780313229602 |url=}}</ref> Children developed diseases caused by malnutrition and sanitation problems, and [[mortality rate]]s were therefore high. The controlled movement of black and Coloured workers within the country through the Natives Urban Areas Act of 1923 and the pass laws separated family members from one another, because men could prove their employment in urban centres while most women were merely [[Dependant|dependents]]; consequently, they risked being deported to rural areas.<ref name="bern">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Hilda|year=1985|title=For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa|publisher=International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa|page=48}}</ref> Even in rural areas there were legal hurdles for women to own land, and outside the cities jobs were scarce.<ref>{{cite book|last=Landis|first=Elizabeth S|title=African Women Under Apartheid|publisher=Africa Fund|year=1975|location=New York|pages=2–3}}</ref>