Amsterdam

===Historical population===
{{Historical populations
|title=Estimated population, 1300–1564
|cols=2
|percentages = pagr
|1300|1000
|1400|4700
|1514|11000
|1546|13200
|1557|22200
|1564|30900
|source=Bureau Monumentenzorg en Archeologie (1300)<ref name="BMA Gesch1">{{Cite web |title=History of Amsterdam, The Early History |url=http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402012355/http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html |archive-date=2 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology)}}</ref><br />{{Harvnb|Ramaer|1921|pp=11–12, 181}} (1400 and 1564)<br />{{Harvnb|Van Dillen|1929|pp=xxv–xxvi}} (1514, 1546 and 1557)
}}
In 1300, Amsterdam's population was around 1,000 people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA140 |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |date=18 June 1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226034669 |pages=140}}</ref> While many towns in Holland experienced population decline during the 15th and 16th centuries, Amsterdam's population grew,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Paping |first=Richard |date=September 2014 |title=General Dutch population development 1400–1850 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=University of Groningen |page=12{{en dash}}13}}</ref> mainly due to the rise of the profitable [[Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)|Baltic maritime trade]] especially in grain after the Burgundian victory in the [[Dutch–Hanseatic War]] in 1441.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bogucka |first=M. |title=The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic region, 1400–1800 |chapter=The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century |date=1983 |pages=51–57 |editor-last=Wieringa |editor-first=W. J. |series=Werken |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-5952-6_7 |isbn=9789401759526}}</ref> The population of Amsterdam was only modest compared to the towns and cities of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], which comprised the most urbanized area of the Low Countries.<ref>Henk van Nierop, "Amsterdam", ''Oxford Bibliographies Online''. 28 March 2018. {{doi|10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0106}}; and Jessica Dijkman, ''Shaping Medieval Markets: The Organisation of Commodity Markets in Holland, {{circa|1200|1450}}'' (Leiden: Brill, 2011). {{ISBN|9789004201484}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|title=Historical population in 10-year intervals, 1590–present<!--All data refers to the estimate on 31 December of the said year-->
|cols=2
|1590|41362
|1600|59551
|1610|82742
|1620|106500
|1630|135439
|1640|162388
|1650|176873
|1660|192767
|1670|206188
|1680|219098
|1690|224393
|1700|235224
|1710|239149
|1720|241447
|1730|239866
|1740|237582
|1750|233952
|1760|240862
|1770|239056
|1780|228938
|1790|214473
|1800|203485
|1810|201347
|1820|197831
|1830|206383
|1840|214367
|1850|223700
|1860|244050
|1870|279221
|1880|323784
|1890|417539
|1900|520602
|1910|573983
|1920|647427
|1930|757386
|1940|800594
|1950|835834
|1960|869602
|1970|831463
|1980|716967
|1990|695221
|2000|731289
|2010|767773
|2020|872380
|source={{Harvnb|Nusteling|1985|p=240}} (1590–1670)<br />{{Harvnb|Van Leeuwen|Oeppen|1993|p=87}} (1680–1880)<br />[https://api.data.amsterdam.nl/dcatd/datasets/bx_HyaOipADV-Q/purls/12 Department for Research, Information and Statistics] (1890–present)<!--Van Leeuwen and Oeppen use data from the Municipal Bureau of Statistics (precursor to the Department for Research, Information and Statistics) for their estimates from the year 1811 onward, and as a consequence, their data corresponds to official census data. Van Leeuwen and Oeppen's estimations begin to diverge from the official data from 1896 onward, however, as they, for the purpose of their article, do not include the population of the annexed territory of the neighboring municipality of Nieuwer-Amstel in their estimates (see Van Leeuwen and Oeppen (1993:69)).-->}}

This changed when, during the [[Dutch Revolt]], many people from the Southern Netherlands fled to the North, especially after [[Fall of Antwerp|Antwerp fell to Spanish forces]] in 1585. Jews from Spain, Portugal and Eastern Europe similarly settled in Amsterdam, as did Germans and [[Scandinavia]]ns.<ref name=":1" /> In thirty years, Amsterdam's population more than doubled between 1585 and 1610.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prak |first=Maarten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjTSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age |date=22 September 2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316342480 |pages=252}}</ref> By 1600, its population was around 50,000.<ref name=":0" /> During the 1660s, Amsterdam's population reached 200,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liedtke |first1=Walter A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZxWaNlQKiYC&pg=PA197 |title=Vermeer and the Delft School |last2=Vermeer |first2=Johannes |last3=Plomp |first3=Michiel |last4=Rüger |first4=Axel |date=2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=9780870999734 |pages=197}}</ref> The city's growth levelled off and the population stabilized around 240,000 for most of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Freek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yAvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |title=Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century |date=28 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134797042}}</ref>

In 1750, Amsterdam was the [[List of largest European cities in history|fourth largest city in Western Europe]], behind London (676,000), Paris (560,000) and Naples (324,000).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hood |first=Clifton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9obDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis |date=8 November 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231542951 |pages=14}}</ref> This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the [[Dutch Republic]], which itself was a much smaller state than Great Britain, France or the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as [[Leiden]] (about 67,000), [[Rotterdam]] (45,000), [[Haarlem]] (38,000) and [[Utrecht]] (30,000).{{sfn|Frijhoff|Prak|2005|p=9}}

The city's population declined in the early 19th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engeli |first1=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ |title=Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook |last2=Matzerath |first2=Horst |date=1989 |publisher=Berg |isbn=9780854960408}}</ref> dipping under 200,000 in 1820.<ref>{{Harvnb|Van Leeuwen|Oeppen|1993|p=87}}</ref> By the second half of the 19th century, industrialization spurred renewed growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Floud |first1=Roderick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870 |last2=Humphries |first2=Jane |last3=Johnson |first3=Paul |date=9 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316061152 |pages=15{{em dash}}16}}</ref> Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 in 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mulder |first1=Eduardo F. J. De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I75mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |title=The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography |last2=Pater |first2=Ben C. De |last3=Fortuijn |first3=Joos C. Droogleever |date=28 July 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319750736 |pages=152}}</ref> before declining in the following decades due to government-sponsored suburbanisation to so-called ''groeikernen'' (growth centres) such as [[Purmerend]] and [[Almere]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Wouden |first=Ries |date=2016 |title=The Spatial Transformation of the Netherlands 1988{{em dash}}2015 |url=https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ |url-status=dead |journal=The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) |volume=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131635/https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Musterd |first1=Sako |last2=Ostendorf |first2=Wim |date=3 April 2008 |title=Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Urban Research & Practice |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=78–92 |doi=10.1080/17535060701795389 |issn=1753-5069 |s2cid=11761206|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Tzaninis |first1=Yannis |last2=Boterman |first2=Willem |date=2 January 2018 |title=Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy |journal=City |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=43–62 |doi=10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143 |bibcode=2018City...22...43T |issn=1360-4813 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced a sharp population decline, peaking at a net loss of 25,000 people in 1973.<ref name=":2" /> By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Gent |first=W.P.C. |date=2008 |title=The context of neighbourhood regeneration in Western Europe. A comparative study of nine neighborhoods undergoing physical and social economic regeneration |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=University of Amsterdam |page=148}}</ref> This was soon followed by [[reurbanization]] and [[gentrification]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261842243 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Population Space and Place}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. Also in the 2010s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam is expanding, mainly due to immigration |url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Statistics Netherlands|date=8 November 2017 }}</ref>