Abrahamic religions

=== God ===
{{Main |God in Abrahamic religions |God in Judaism |God in Christianity |God in Islam |God in the Baháʼí Faith}}
{{Further |Yahweh |Tetragrammaton |El (deity) |Elohim |Names of God in Judaism |Names of God in Christianity |Names of God in Islam}}
The [[conception of God]] as universal remains a common feature of all Abrahamic religions.{{sfn |Christiano |Kivisto |Swatos |2015 |pp=254–255}} The Abrahamic God is conceived of as [[Eternity#God and eternity|eternal]], [[omnipotent]], [[omniscient]] and as the [[Creator deity|creator of the universe]].{{sfn |Christiano |Kivisto |Swatos |2015 |pp=254–255}} God is further held to have the properties of holiness, justice, [[omnibenevolence]], and [[omnipresence]].{{sfn |Christiano |Kivisto |Swatos |2015 |pp=254–255}} Proponents of Abrahamic faiths believe that God is also [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]], but at the same time [[personal God|personal]] and involved, listening to [[prayer]] and reacting to the actions of his creatures. God in Abrahamic religions is always referred to as [[Masculine (grammar)|masculine]] only.{{sfn |Christiano |Kivisto |Swatos |2015 |pp=254–255}}

[[File:JudaismSymbol.PNG |thumb |right |The [[Star of David]] (or ''Magen David'') is a generally recognized symbol of modern Jewish identity and Judaism.]]
[[Jewish theology]] is unitarian. God is an absolute one, indivisible and incomparable [[being]] who is the ultimate cause of all existence. Jewish tradition teaches that the true aspect of God is incomprehensible and unknowable and that it is only God's revealed aspect that brought the universe into existence, and interacts with mankind and the world. In Judaism, the one God of Israel is the God of Abraham, [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]], who is the guide of the world, delivered [[Israelites|Israel]] from [[The Exodus|slavery in Egypt]], and gave them the [[613 Mitzvot]] at [[Mount Sinai]] as described in the [[Torah]].

The [[national god]] of the [[Israelite]]s has a [[Theonym|proper name]], written ''[[YHWH|Y-H-W-H]]'' ({{lang-he|יהוה|}}) in the [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]]. The etymology of the name is unknown.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=Joel |title=In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TShBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |isbn=978-0-8147-3706-4 |page=236 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051853/https://books.google.com/books?id=5TShBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |url-status=live}}</ref> An explanation of the name is given to Moses when YHWH calls himself "[[I Am that I Am]]", ({{lang-he |אהיה אשר אהיה}} ''’ehye ’ăšer ’ehye''), seemingly connecting it to the verb ''hayah'' (הָיָה), meaning 'to be', but this is likely not a genuine etymology. Jewish tradition accords many names to God, including [[Elohim]], [[El Shaddai|Shaddai]], and [[Sabaoth]].

[[File:Christianity Symbol.png |thumb |right |The [[Christian cross]] (or crux) is the best-known religious symbol of Christianity; this version is known as a Latin Cross.]]
In [[Christian theology]], God is the [[Eternity#God and eternity|eternal being]] who [[Genesis creation narrative|created]] and [[Divine providence|preserves]] the world. Christians believe God to be both transcendent and [[immanent]] (involved in the world).{{sfn |Leith |1993 |pp=55–56}}{{sfn |Erickson |2001 |pp=87–88}} [[Early Christianity|Early Christian]] views of God were expressed in the [[Pauline Epistles]] and the early{{efn |Perhaps even pre-Pauline creeds.{{citation needed |date=August 2022}}}} [[creed]]s, which proclaimed one God and the [[Son of God|divinity of Jesus]].

Around the year 200, [[Tertullian]] formulated a version of the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] which clearly affirmed the divinity of Jesus and came close to the later definitive form produced by the [[First Council of Constantinople|Ecumenical Council of 381]].{{sfn|Prestige|1963|p=29}}{{sfn|Kelly |2017 |p=119}} Trinitarians, who form the large majority of [[Christians]], hold it as a core tenet of their faith.{{sfn |Mills |Bullard |2001 |p=935}}{{sfn|Kelly |2017 |p=23}} [[Nontrinitarianism|Nontrinitarian]] denominations define the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit in a number of different ways.{{sfn |McGrath |2012 |pp=117–120}}

The theology of the [[Attributes of God in Christianity|attributes and nature of God]] has been discussed since the earliest days of Christianity, with [[Irenaeus]] writing in the 2nd century: "His greatness lacks nothing, but contains all things."{{sfn |Osborn |2001 |pp=27–29}} In the 8th century, [[John of Damascus]] listed eighteen attributes which remain widely accepted.{{sfn |Dyrness |Kärkkäinen |Martinez |Chan |2008 |pp=352–353}} As time passed, theologians developed systematic lists of these attributes, some based on statements in the Bible (e.g., the [[Lord's Prayer]], stating that the [[God the Father|Father]] is in [[Heaven (Christianity)|Heaven]]), others based on theological reasoning.{{sfn |Guthrie |1994 |pp=100, 111}}<ref name="Hirschberger">Hirschberger, Johannes. ''Historia de la Filosofía I, Barcelona'': Herder 1977, p.&nbsp;403</ref>

[[File:IslamSymbolAllahComp.PNG |thumb |right |The word [[God]] written in [[Arabic]]]]

In [[Islamic theology]], God ({{lang-ar |{{large |الله}}}} ''[[Allāh|{{transliteration |ar |ALA |Allāh}}]]'') is the [[Omnipotence|all-powerful]] and [[Omniscience|all-knowing]] creator, sustainer, ordainer and judge of everything in existence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Böwering |first1=Gerhard |title=God and his Attributes |website=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_eqcom_00075}}</ref> In contrast to the Judeo-Christian tradition, which depicts God usually as anthropomorph, the Islamic conception of God is less personal, but rather of a conscious force behind all aspects of the universe only known through signs of nature, metaphorical stories, and revelation by the prophets and angels.<ref name="ReferenceB">David Leeming ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology'' Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}} page 209</ref> Islam emphasizes that God is singular (''[[tawhid|{{transliteration |ar |ALA |tawḥīd}}]]''){{sfn |Esposito |1999 |p=88}} unique (''{{transliteration |ar |ALA |wāḥid}}'') and inherently One (''{{transliteration |ar |ALA |aḥad}}''), all-merciful and omnipotent.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Allah |volume=01 |pages=686–687}}</ref> According to Islamic teachings, God exists without place<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Islam |volume=14 |page=873}}</ref> and according to the Quran, "No vision can grasp him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things."<ref>{{cite quran |6 |103 |style=ns}}</ref> God, as referenced in the Quran, is the only God.<ref>{{cite quran |29 |46 |style=ns}}</ref>{{sfn |Peters |2003 |p=4}} Islamic tradition also describes the [[Names of God in the Qur'an|99 names of God]]. These 99 names describe attributes of God, including Most Merciful, The Just, The Peace and Blessing, and the Guardian.

A distinct feature between the concept of God in Islam compared to Christianity is that God has no progeny. This belief is summed up in [[Sura|chapter]] 112 of the Quran titled [[Al-Ikhlas]], which states "Say, he is Allah (who is) one, Allah is the Eternal, the Absolute. He does not beget nor was he begotten. Nor is there to Him any equivalent."{{cite quran |112 |1 |4}}
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