Virgin birth of Jesus

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
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| title            = The Apostles' Creed
| publisher        = Westminster John Knox Press
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| isbn             = 9781250088703
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| first            = Margaret
| chapter          = Isaiah
| editor1-last     = Dunn
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| title            = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher        = Eerdmans
| year             = 2001
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url      = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=margaret+barker+Isaiah&pg=PA490
}}
* {{cite journal
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}} 
* {{cite book
| last1            = Bell
| first1           = Richard
| title            = The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment
| publisher        = Routledge
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| isbn             = 9781136260674
}}
* {{cite book
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| title            = Jesus
| publisher        = SPCK
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| isbn             = 9780281066063
}}
* {{cite book
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| title            = The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus 
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| isbn             = 978-0809117680
}}
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| last1            = Brown 
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| title            = The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke 
| publisher        = Yale University Press
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| isbn             = 978-0300140088
}}  
* {{cite book
| last1            = Boring 
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| last2            = Craddock 
| first2           = Fred B.
| title            = The People's New Testament Commentary
| publisher        = Westminster John Knox
| year             = 2009
| url              = https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC
| isbn             = 9780664235925
}}   
* {{cite book
| last             = Bruner
| first            = Frederick 
| title            = Matthew 1-12
| publisher        = Eerdmans
| year             = 2004
| url              = https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA37
| isbn             = 9780802811189
}}    
* {{cite book
|last1         = Carrigan
|first1        = Henry L.
|chapter       = Virgin Birth
|editor1-last  = Freedman 
|editor1-first = David Noel 
|editor2-last  = Myers
|editor2-first = Allen C. 
|title         = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher     = Eerdmans
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|chapter-url   = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA1359
|isbn         = 9789053565032
}}
* {{Cite book
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|title         = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year          = 2000
|publisher     = Eerdmans
|chapter-url   = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422
|isbn          = 9789053565032
}}     
* {{cite book
|last              = Carroll 
|first             = John T. 
|title             = Luke: A Commentary 
|publisher         = Westminster John Knox Press 
|year              = 2012 
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|isbn              = 978-0664221065 
}}
* {{cite book
| last             = Casey 
| first            = Maurice 
| title            = From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God: The Origins and Development of New Testament Christology
| publisher        = Westminster John Knox Press
| year             = 1991 
| url              = https://books.google.com/books?id=ynQmwvLppFQC&pg=PA152
| isbn             = 9780664227654
}}
* {{cite book
| last             = Childs
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| title            = Isaiah
| publisher        = Westminster John Knox Press
| year             = 2001
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| isbn             = 978-0664221430
}}
* {{Citation 
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}}
* {{cite book
| last1            = Collinge
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| title            = Historical Dictionary of Catholicism
| publisher        = Scarecrow Press
| year             = 2012
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| isbn             = 9780810879799
}}
* {{Citation 
|last=Coyle 
|first=Kathleen 
|title=Mary in the Christian Tradition 
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|publisher=Gracewing Publishing 
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}}
* {{Citation 
|last1         = Cook
|first1        = Michael J.
|chapter       = Jewish Perspectives on Jesus
|editor1-last  = Burkett
|editor1-first = Delbert 
|title         = The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
|publisher     = John Wiley & Sons
|year          = 2011
|chapter-url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=te96AkpyiKAC&q=%22Jews%27+perceptions+of+Jesus+were+predominantly+disparaging%22&pg=PT244
|isbn          = 9781444351750
}}
* {{Cite book
| last         = Davidson 
| first        = John 
| title        = The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings
| year         = 2005 
| publisher    = Clear Press
| url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=GoWhptP_up0C&q=%22the+nativity+stories+found+in+Luke+and+Matthew+are+completely+absent%22&pg=PA82 
| isbn         = 978-1904555148
}}
* {{Cite book
|last          = Deiss 
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|author-link   = Lucien Deiss 
|title         = Joseph, Mary, Jesus 
|publisher     = Liturgical Press 
|year          = 1996 
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|isbn          = 978-0814622551 
}}
* {{Cite book
|last         = Dorman 
|first        = T.M. 
|chapter      = Virgin Birth 
|editor-last  = Bromiley 
|editor-first = Geoffrey W. 
|title        = International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z 
|publisher    = Eerdmans 
|year         = 1995 
|chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=definition+virgin+birth&pg=PA990 
|isbn         = 978-0802837844
}}
* {{cite book
| last1            = Dunn
| first1           = James D.G.
| title            = Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1
| publisher        = Eerdmans 
| year             = 2003
| url              = https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA341
| isbn             = 9780802839312
}}
* {{Cite book
|last         = Erskine
|first        = Andrew
|title        = A Companion to the Hellenistic World
|publisher    = John Wiley & Sons
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|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=krJF3rnhQdsC&pg=PA218
|isbn         = 9781405154413
}}
* {{Citation 
|last1         = Evans
|first1        = Craig
|chapter       = Jesus in non-Christian Sources
|editor1-last  = Chilton
|editor1-first = Bruce 
|editor2-last  = Evans
|editor2-first = Craig 
|title         = Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research
|publisher     = BRILL
|year          = 1998
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC
|isbn          = 9004111425
}}
* {{cite book
|last           = France 
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|title          = The Gospel of Matthew 
|publisher      = Eerdmans 
|url            = https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA56 
|year           = 2007 
|isbn           = 978-0802825018 
}}
* {{cite book
|last           = Fredriksen 
|first          = Paula 
|title          = From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus 
|publisher      = Yale University Press 
|year           = 2008 
|url            = https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C&pg=PT7  
|isbn           = 978-0300164107
}}
* {{cite book 
|last           = Grabar
|first          = André 
|title          = Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins
|publisher      = Princeton University Press 
|year           = 1968
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}}
* {{cite book
|last1         = Gregg
|first1        = D. Larry
|chapter       = Docetism
|editor1-last  = Freedman 
|editor1-first = David Noel 
|editor2-last  = Myers
|editor2-first = Allen C. 
|title         = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher     = Eerdmans
|year          = 2000
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC
|isbn          = 9789053565032
}}
* {{cite book 
|last           = Guiley
|first          = Rosemary
|title          = The Encyclopedia of Angels
|publisher      = Facts on File 
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|isbn           = 0-8160-5023-6
}}
* {{cite book 
|last           = Hayes
|first          = Andrew 
|title          = Justin against Marcion: Defining the Christian Philosophy
|publisher      = Fortress Press
|year           = 2017
|isbn = 9781506420400 
|url            = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGSjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152
}}
* {{cite book
| last1            = Hendrickson
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| last2            = Jenson
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| last3            = Lundell
| first3           = Randi H. 
| title            = Luther and Bach on the Magnificat
| publisher        = Wipf and Stock
| year             = 2015
| url              = https://books.google.com/books?id=EHuoCgAAQBAJ
| isbn             = 9781625641205
}}  
* {{cite book
| last1            = Hornblower
| first1           = Simon
| last2            = Spawforth
| first2           = Antony
| title            = The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
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| isbn             = 978-0-19-870677-9
}}     
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|last1             = Hulmes
|first1            = Edward
|chapter           = Quran and the Bible, The
|editor1-last      = Metzger 
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|editor2-last      = Coogan
|editor2-first     = Michael David 
|title             = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher         = Oxford University Press
|year              = 1993
|chapter-url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA640
|isbn              = 978-0-19-974391-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last             = Hurtado
| first            = Larry 
| title            = Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
| publisher        = Eerdmans
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| isbn             = 9780802831675
}}        
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|last1             = Kärkkäinen
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|chapter           = Christology
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|editor1-first     = William A. 
|editor2-last      = Kärkkäinen
|editor2-first     = Veli-Matti
|title             = Global Dictionary of Theology
|publisher         = InterVarsity Press
|year              = 2009
|chapter-url               = https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA175
|isbn              = 9780830878116
}}
* {{cite book
| last             = Kodell 
| first            = Jerome 
| title            = The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament, NAB 
| editor-last      = Karris 
| editor-first     = Robert J.
| chapter          = Luke 
| publisher        = Liturgical Press
| year             = 1992 
| chapter-url      = https://books.google.com/books?id=fJR0wYP12ZEC&q=%22infancy+stories+were+added%22%22to+serve+as+a+prologue%22&pg=PA939 
| isbn             = 978-0814622117
}}      
* {{cite book
| last             = Koester 
| first            = Helmut 
| title            = Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity 
| volume           = 2
| publisher        = Walter de Gruyter
| year             = 2000
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| isbn             = 9783110149708 
}}      
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| last2            = Hartin
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| year             = 2009
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| isbn             = 9780802846365
}}      
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| publisher       = Liturgical Press
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|first2           = Steve 
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}}  
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|editor-last     = Ellens
|editor-first    = J. Harold
|title           = Miracles 
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|chapter         = The Miracle of Christ's Birth 
|chapter-url     = https://books.google.com/books?id=51n9m5oTdrkC&q=miracle+of+christ%27s+birth+john+w.+miller&pg=PR5-IA3
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|title         = Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar: A Study with Five Editions and Translations 
|year          = 2014
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|isbn          = 9789004274129
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|last          = O'Sullivan
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|title         = Marian devotion in thirteenth-century French lyric
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|first         = James Carleton
|title         = Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity
|year          = 2010
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|isbn          = 9783161503122
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* {{Cite book
|last          = Reddish
|first         = Mitchell
|title         = An Introduction to The Gospels
|year          = 2011
|publisher     = Abingdon Press
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* {{Cite book 
|title         = The image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos hymn
|last          = Peltomaa
|first         = Leena Mari   
|publisher     = Brill
|year          = 2001
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|isbn          = 9004120882
}}
* {{cite book
| last1        = Reynolds
| first1       = Gabriel Said
| title        = The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary
| publisher    = Yale University Press
| year         = 2018
| url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=ynVaDwAAQBAJ
| isbn         = 9780300181326
}}
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|last1         = Robinson
|first1        = Bernard P.
|chapter       = Matthew's Nativity Stories
|editor1-last  = Corley
|editor1-first = Jeremy 
|title         = New Perspectives on the Nativity
|publisher     = Bloomsbury 
|year          = 2009
|chapter-url   = https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111
|isbn          = 9780567613790
}}
* {{cite book 
|last          = Ross
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|title         = Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary
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| last             = Saldarini
| first            = Anthony J.
| chapter          = Matthew
| editor1-last     = Dunn
| editor1-first    = James D.G.
|editor2-last      = Rogerson
|editor2-first     = John
| title            = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher        = Eerdmans
| year             = 2001
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url      = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1007
}}
* {{Cite book
|last          = Saritoprak
|first         = Zeki
|title         = Islam's Jesus
|publisher     = University Press of Florida
|location      = Tampa
|year          = 2014
|isbn=978-0-8130-4940-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last           = Satlow
|first          = Michael L.
|title          = Jewish Marriage in Antiquity
|publisher      = Princeton University Press
|url            = https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104
|year           = 2018
|isbn           = 9780691187495
}}
* {{Cite book 
|last1         = Sawyer
|first1        = W. Thomas
|editor1-last  = Mills
|editor1-first = Watson E. 
|editor2-last  = Bullard 
|editor2-first = Roger Aubrey 
|title         = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 
|publisher     = Mercer University Press 
|year          = 1990 
|chapter       = Mary
|chapter-url   = https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=%22infancy+stories+involving+Mary+are+found+only+in%22&pg=PA555 
|isbn =978-0865543737
}}
* {{Cite book
|last          = Schowalter
|first         = Daniel N.
|chapter       = Virgin Birth of Christ
|editor1-last  = Metzger
|editor1-first = B.M. 
|editor2-last  = Coogan
|editor2-first = D.
|title         = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|year          = 1993
|publisher     = Oxford University Press
| location     = Oxford
|chapter-url   = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA790
|isbn          = 9780199743919
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1         = Simpler
|first1        = Steven
|chapter       = Hymn
|editor1-last  = Mills 
|editor1-first = Watson E. 
|editor2-last  = Bullard 
|editor2-first = Roger Aubrey 
|title         = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 
|publisher     = Mercer University Press 
|year          = 1990 
|url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC
|isbn          = 9780865543737
}}
* {{Cite book
|last         = Sweeney  
|first        = Marvin A 
|title        = Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature 
|publisher    = Eerdmans 
|year         = 1996 
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&q=%22scholars+agree%22%22nothing+to+do+with+whether+she+is+a+virgin%22&pg=PA161 
|isbn         = 978-0802841001 
}}
* {{Cite book
|last         = Turner 
|first        = David L.
|title        = Matthew 
|publisher    = Baker 
|year         = 2008 
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C 
|isbn         = 978-0-8010-2684-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last1       = Tyson
| first1      = Joseph B.
| title       = Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle
| publisher   = University of South Carolina Press
| year        = 2006
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=MU2U08v6aq0C
| isbn        = 9781570036507
}}
* {{cite book
| last        = Vermes
| first       = Geza
| title       = Who's Who in the Age of Jesus
| publisher   = Penguin UK
| year        = 2006a
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=t6C6kxbpdO8C&pg=PT216
| isbn        = 9780141937557
}}
* {{cite book
| last        = Vermes
| first       = Geza
| title       = The Nativity: History and Legend
| publisher   = Penguin UK
| year        = 2006b
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=J00OOo-3RqEC&pg=PT72
| isbn        = 9780141912615
}}
* {{cite book
| last        = Voorst
| first       = Robert van 
| title       = Jesus Outside the New Testament
| publisher   = Eerdmans 
| year        = 2000
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC
| isbn        =9780802843685
}}
* {{cite book
| last        = Wahlde
| first       = Urban von
| title       = Gnosticism, Docetism, and the Judaisms of the First Century
| publisher   = Bloomsbury 
| year        = 2015
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=gRB0BgAAQBAJ
| isbn        =9780567656599
}}
* {{cite book
|last1        = Ware
|first1       = Timothy
|title        = The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity
|publisher    = Penguin
|year         = 1993
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=ckkRoFrW_dQC
|isbn         = 9780141925004
}}
* {{Citation 
|last1        = Weaver 
|first1       = Rebeccah H. 
|chapter      = Jesus in early Christianity 
|editor1-last = Benedetto 
|editor1-first= Robert 
|editor2-last = Duke 
|editor2-first= James O 
|title        = The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras 
|publisher    = Westminster John Knox Press 
|year         = 2008 
|chapter-url  = https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA351 
|isbn=978-0664224165 
}}
* {{cite book
|last1        = Welburn
|first1       = Andrew J.
|title        = From a Virgin Womb: The "Apocalypse of Adam" and the Virgin Birth
|publisher    = BRILL
|year         = 2008
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYM_jgnv6EC
|isbn         = 9789004163768
}}
* {{cite book 
|last1        = Wilson 
|first1       = Frank E.
|title        = Faith and Practice
|publisher    = Church Publishing, Inc. 
|location     = Harrisburg, PA 
|year         = 1989
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=uTltAAAAQBAJ
|isbn         = 9780819224576
}}
*{{cite journal
|last         = Zebiri
|first        = Kate
|date         = March 2000
|title        = Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus
|journal      = The Muslim World
|volume       = 90
|issue        = 1–2
|pages        = 71–90
|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x
}}
*{{cite book
|last         = Zervos
|first        = George
|title        = The Protevangelium of James
|publisher    = Bloomsbury Academic
|year         = 2019
|url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=ky2nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79
|page         = 79
|isbn = 9780567053169
}}

{{Refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Chronology of Jesus|Life of Jesus]]|||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zechariah (priest)|Gabriel announces John's<br/>birth to Zechariah]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[New Testament]]<br/>Events}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Visitation (Christian)|Mary visits Elisabeth]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Virgin Mary}}
{{Nativity of Jesus}}
{{Jesus footer}}
{{Christianity footer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virgin Birth Of Jesus}}
[[Category:Virgin birth of Jesus| ]]
[[Category:Nativity of Jesus in the New Testament|*]]
[[Category:Christianity and Islam]]
[[Category:Christology]]
[[Category:Gospel of Luke]]
[[Category:Gospel of Matthew]]
[[Category:Islamic belief and doctrine]]
[[Category:Mary, mother of Jesus]]
[[Category:New Testament miracles]]
[[Category:Gabriel]]
[[Category:Holy Spirit]]