Suburb

== Worldwide ==
[[File:Clichy sous Bois Chemin des postes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mid-rise [[social housing]] in [[Clichy-sous-Bois]], a [[banlieue]] of [[Paris]]]]
While suburbs are often associated with the middle classes, in many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems, reminiscent of the [[inner city|inner cities]] of the U.S. Examples include the ''banlieues'' of France, or the [[Million Programme|concrete suburbs]] of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of [[single-family houses]].

=== Africa ===
Following the growth of the middle class due to African industrialization, the development of middle class suburbs has boomed since the beginning of the 1990s, particularly in cities such as [[Cairo]], [[Nairobi]], [[Johannesburg]], and [[Lagos]].

In an illustrative case of South Africa, [[Reconstruction and Development Programme|RDP]] housing has been built. In much of [[Soweto]], many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of the [[FNB Stadium|FNB ("Soccer City") Stadium]] and south of the city in areas like Eikenhof, where the "Eye of Africa" planned community exists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eyeofafrica.co.za |title=Eye of Africa |website=Eyeofafrica.co.za |date=2021 |access-date=2021-10-09 }}</ref> This master-planned community is nearly indistinguishable from the most amenity-rich resort-style American suburbs in Florida, Arizona, and California, complete with a golf course, resort pool, [[equestrian facility]], 24-hour staffed gates, gym, and BMX track, as well as several tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eyeofafrica.co.za/leisure-facilities |title=Eye of Africa |website=Eyeofafrica.co.za |date=2021 |access-date=2021-10-09 }}</ref>

In Cape Town, there is a distinct European style originating from European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch settled the Cape. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of [[Constantia, Cape Town|Constantia]] and [[Bishopscourt, Cape Town|Bishopscourt]].

=== Australia ===
[[File:Sydney Skyline (5620756401).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Sydney central business district]] from the city's [[Western Suburbs, Sydney|western suburbs]]]]
The Australian usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained the appellation ''suburb''; the term was eventually applied to the original core as well. In Australia, Sydney's urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the [[Greater Western Sydney|Western Suburbs]]. The locality of [[Olympic Park, Sydney|Olympic Park]] was designated an official suburb in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSW Place and Road Naming Proposals System|url=https://proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au/public/geonames/56318973-3b24-47d1-91d0-cd6051507bbe|access-date=2022-01-24|website=proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
Bangladesh has multiple suburbs, [[Uttara (town)|Uttara]] & [[Ashulia]] to name a few. However, most suburbs in Dhaka are different from the ones in [[Europe]] & [[Americas]]. Most suburbs in [[Bangladesh]] are filled with high-rise buildings, paddy fields, and farms, and are designed more like rural villages.

=== Canada ===
[[File:Sapperton, New Westminster.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Canada|Canadian]] suburbs often feature high-density nodes, as seen in [[Metro Vancouver]], British Columbia]]
[[File:Mississauga skyline Pearson 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Higher-density development in [[Mississauga]] as seen from Toronto's [[Pearson Airport]]]]
[[File:Murrayville 01 roundabout.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A typical low-density Canadian suburban scene in [[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley, British Columbia]]]]
Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population lives in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33 [[census metropolitan area]]s (CMAs) with a population of over 100,000.  However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood. The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of [[Calgary Region|Calgary CMA]] residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of [[Greater Montreal|Montréal CMA]] residents (34%).

Often, Canadian suburbs are less automobile-centric, and [[public transit]] use is encouraged but can be notably unused.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dependence on cars in urban neighborhoods|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10503-eng.htm#2|website=Statistics Canada|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183546/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10503-eng.htm|archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Throughout Canada, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl.

Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas, this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased by 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth.<ref>[http://www.planetizen.com/node/20741 The Wealthy Suburbs of Canada]. Planetizen. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref> The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas ([[Greater Toronto]], Greater Montréal, and [[Greater Vancouver]]) has occurred in non-core municipalities. This trend is also beginning to take effect in [[Vancouver]], and to a lesser extent, [[Montréal]]. In certain cities, particularly [[Edmonton]] and [[Calgary]], suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and a large geographic footprint within the city borders.
 
Calgary is unusual among Canadian cities because it has developed as a '''unicity''' – it has annexed most of its surrounding towns and large amounts of undeveloped land around the city. As a result, most of the communities that Calgarians refer to as "suburbs" are actually inside the city limits.<ref>{{cite web | title=CALGARY, AB an overview of development trends | url=http://theoryandpractice.planning.dal.ca/_pdf/suburbs/development_trends/calgary_trends.pdf | access-date=15 December 2018 }}</ref> In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits. The perceived low population density of Calgary largely results from its many internal suburbs and the large amount of undeveloped land within the city. The city actually has a policy of densifying its new developments.<ref>{{cite web | title=THE CITY OF CALGARY Municipal Development Plan | url=http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/pd/Documents/municipal-development-plan/mdp-municipal-development-plan.pdf | access-date=15 December 2018 }}</ref>

=== China ===
[[File:Beijing suburb (Original picture enhanced).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Apartments in suburban [[Beijing]], China]]
In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of [[apartment block]]s and condos that end abruptly into the countryside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaurbandevelopment.com/?p=499|title=(Mis)understanding China's Suburbs|date=23 February 2011|access-date=25 February 2013|publisher=China Urban Development Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/02/is-this-beijings-suburban-future/71017/|title=Is This Beijing's Suburban Future?|date=10 February 2011|access-date=25 February 2013|magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture.<ref>Nasser, Haya El. (18 April 2008) [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-15-suburbia_N.htm Modern suburbia not just in America anymore]. Usatoday.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref>

==== Hong Kong ====
In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes.

=== Italy ===
In the illustrative case of Rome, Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created ''ex novo'' to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of [[public order]] (keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called [[exurb]]s) were created at a further distance from them.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Japan ===
In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the [[urban sprawl]] effect.

=== Latin America ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in [[Guadalajara]], Mexico City, [[Monterrey]], and most major cities. [[Lomas de Chapultepec]] is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In other countries, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in Peru and Chile, which have experienced a boom in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably [[Shanty town#Examples|"lost cities"]] in Mexico, [[Campamento (Chile)|campamentos]] in Chile, [[Pueblos jóvenes|barriadas]] in Peru, [[villa miseria]]s in Argentina, [[asentamiento]]s in Guatemala and [[favela]]s of Brazil.

Brazilian affluent suburbs are generally denser, more vertical and mixed in use [[inner suburb]]s. They concentrate infrastructure, investment and attention from the municipal seat and the best offer of mass transit. True sprawling towards neighboring municipalities is typically empoverished – {{lang|pt|periferia}} (''the periphery'', in the sense of it dealing with [[Spatial planning|spatial]] [[Social exclusion|marginalization]]) –, with a very noticeable example being the rail suburbs of [[Rio de Janeiro]] – the North Zone, the [[Baixada Fluminense]], the part of the West Zone associated with SuperVia's Ramal de Santa Cruz. These, in comparison with the inner suburbs, often prove to be remote, violent [[food desert]]s with inadequate sewer structure coverage, saturated mass transit, more precarious running water, electricity and communication services, and lack of urban planning and landscaping, while also not necessarily qualifying as actual {{lang|pt|favelas}} or slums. They often are former agricultural land or wild areas settled through squatting; suburbs grew and expanded due to the mass [[rural exodus]] during the years of the military dictatorship. This is particularly true of [[São Paulo]], Rio de Janeiro and [[Brasília]], which grew with migration from more distant and impoverished parts of the country and deal with overpopulation as a result.

=== Malaysia ===
[[File:Bangsar.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Bangsar]], a suburb outside of downtown [[Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]]]
In Malaysia, suburbs are common especially in [[Klang Valley]], the largest [[conurbation]] in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aiken |first1=S. Robert |last2=Leigh |first2=Colin H. |title=Malaysia's Emerging Conurbation |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=December 1975 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=546–563 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01062.x |jstor=2562422 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562422 |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> These suburbs also serve as major housing areas and commuter towns. [[Terraced house#In Malaysia and Singapore|Terraced houses]], semi-detached houses and [[shophouse]]s are common concepts in suburban planning. In certain places such as [[Klang, Malaysia|Klang]], [[Subang Jaya]] and [[Petaling Jaya]], suburbs form the core. The latter one has been turned into a [[Satellite town|satellite city]] of [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Suburbs are also evident in other major conurbations in the country such as [[Penang Island]] ([[Butterworth, Seberang Perai|Butterworth]], [[Bukit Mertajam]]), [[Johor Bahru]] ([[Skudai]], [[Pasir Gudang]]), [[Ipoh]] ([[Simpang Pulai]]), [[Malacca City|Kota Melaka]] ([[Ayer Keroh]]), [[Kuching]] ([[Petra Jaya]]) and [[Alor Setar]] ([[Anak Bukit]]).

=== Russia ===
In Russia, until recently, the term suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. However, since the beginning of the 21st century in Russia there has been a "cottage boom", as a result of which a huge number of cottage villages appeared in almost every city of the country (including Moscow), no different from the suburbs in western countries.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== United Kingdom ===
In the United Kingdom suburbs are located between the exurbs and inner cities of a [[metropolitan area]]. The growth in the use of trains, and later cars and highways, increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while [[commuting]] in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned above, railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs. The Metropolitan Railway, for example, was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London, consisting mostly of detached houses on large plots, which it then marketed as "Metro-land".<ref>[http://www.transportdiversions.com/publicationshow.asp?pubid=5800 London's metroland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016074321/http://transportdiversions.com/publicationshow.asp?pubid=5800 |date=16 October 2007 }}. Transportdiversions.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.</ref> In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of [[South East England]]. The goal is to "build sustainable communities" rather than housing estates. However, commercial concerns tend to delay the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighborhood.

=== United States ===
[[File:Jefferson Parish Suburbs of New Orleans.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Big-box store|Big box]] [[shopping centers]] in suburban [[New Orleans]], Louisiana]]
In the 20th century, many suburban areas, especially those not within the political boundaries of the city containing the central business area, began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal [[subsidies]] for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0813339529 Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival] By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. {{ISBN|0-8133-3952-9}}. Published 2002. Page 142. "Perhaps suburbanization was a 'natural' phenomenon—rising incomes allowing formerly huddled masses in city neighborhoods to breathe free on green lawn and leafy culs-de-sac. But, we will never know how natural it was, because of the massive federal subsidy that eased and accelerated it, in the form of tax, transportation and housing policies."</ref> In some cities such as [[Miami]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]], the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas, leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area.

[[Mesa, Arizona]], and [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]], the two most populous suburbs in the U.S., are actually more populous than many core cities, including Miami, [[Minneapolis]], New Orleans, [[Cleveland]], [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[St. Louis]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Cincinnati]], and others. Virginia Beach is now the most populous city in Virginia, having long since exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city, [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]. While Virginia Beach has slowly been taking on the characteristics of an urban city, it will not likely achieve the population density and urban characteristics of Norfolk. A second suburban city in Virginia, [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]], has also exceeded the population of adjacent Norfolk.  With only a few large commercial areas and no definitive downtown area, Chesapeake is primarily residential in nature with vast rural areas remaining within the city limits.

Cleveland, Ohio, is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922, even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Dallas, [[Denver]], [[Houston]], New York City, San Francisco, [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[Atlanta]], Miami, [[Baltimore]], [[Milwaukee]], Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], Norfolk, St. Louis, [[Salt Lake City]], [[Las Vegas]], Minneapolis, and Washington, D.C..

Suburbs in the United States have a prevalence of usually [[Detached house|detached]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uULJlcYkJ1oC Land Development Calculations] 2001 Walter Martin Hosack.  "single-family detached housing" = "suburb houses" p133</ref> [[Single-family house|single-family]] homes.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2005/hc2005_tables/hc1housingunit/pdf/tablehc2.1.pdf "Housing Unit Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005"] Energy Information Association</ref>

They are characterized by:

* Lower [[urban density|densities]] than central cities, dominated by single-family homes on small [[Land lot|plots of land]] – anywhere from 0.1 acres<ref name="cite crabgrass">{{harvnb|Jackson|1985}}.</ref> and up – surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings.
* Zoning patterns that separate residential and commercial development, as well as different intensities and densities of development.  Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes.
* A greater percentage of [[White Americans|whites]] (both [[Non-Hispanic whites|non-Hispanic]] and, in some areas, [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]) and lesser percentage of citizens of [[ethnic groups in the United States|other ethnic groups]] than in urban areas. However, [[African Americans|black]] suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Barlow | first=Andrew L. | title=Between fear and hope: globalization and race in the United States | year=2003 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | location=Lanham, Maryland (Prince George's County) | isbn=0-7425-1619-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gJhgr0BrooC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Noguera | first=Pedro| title=City schools and the American dream: reclaiming the promise of public education | year=2003 | publisher=Teachers College Press | location=New York  | isbn=0-8077-4381-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfuFosKIPeEC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last=Naylor | first=Larry L. | title=Problems and issues of diversity in the United States | year=1999 | publisher=Bergin & Garvey | location=Westport, Conn.  | isbn=0-89789-615-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7-EyumYyCUC}}</ref>
* [[Subdivision (land)|Subdivisions]] carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single [[Real estate developer|real estate company]].  These subdivisions are often [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]] by minute differences in home value, creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Carissa Moffat |last2=Blevins |first2=Audie |date=2005-03-01 |title=Battlement Mesa: a case study of community evolution |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2004.11.001 |journal=The Social Science Journal |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.soscij.2004.11.001 |s2cid=143677128 |issn=0362-3319}}</ref>
* Shopping malls and [[strip mall]]s behind large parking lots instead of a classic downtown [[shopping district]].
* A road network designed to conform to a [[street hierarchy|hierarchy]], including culs-de-sac, leading to larger residential streets, in turn leading to large collector roads, in place of the [[grid pattern]] common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs.
* A greater percentage of one-[[storey|story]] administrative buildings than in urban areas.
* Compared to rural areas, suburbs usually have greater population density, higher standards of living, more complex road systems, more franchised stores and restaurants, and less farmland and wildlife.

By 2010, suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups gained better access to education and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas.{{original research inline|date=September 2023}}{{opinion|date=September 2023}}

Conversely, many white Americans also moved back to city centers. Nearly all major city downtowns (such as [[Greater Downtown Miami|Downtown Miami]], [[Downtown Detroit]], [[Center City, Philadelphia|Downtown Philadelphia]], [[Downtown Roanoke]], or [[Downtown Los Angeles]]) are experiencing a renewal, with large population growth, residential apartment construction, and increased social, cultural, and infrastructural investments, as have suburban neighborhoods close to city centers. Better public transit, proximity to work and cultural attractions, and frustration with suburban life and [[gridlock]] have attracted young Americans to the city centers.<ref>Yen, Hope. "[https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100509/ap_on_re_us/us_changing_suburbs White flight? Suburbs lose young whites to cities]." ''[[Associated Press]]'' at ''[[Yahoo! News]]''. Sunday 9 May 2010. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.</ref>