Soul

===Hinduism===
{{Main|Ātman (Hinduism)|Jiva}}
''Ātman'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word that means inner [[self]] or soul.<ref>'''[a]''' [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman Atman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223074014/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/atman |date=23 December 2015 }}, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), '''Quote''': "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul";<br>'''[b]''' John Bowker (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-280094-7}}, See entry for Atman;<br>'''[c]''' WJ Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-861025-0}}, See entry for Atman (self).</ref><ref name="davidlorenzenatman">[[David Lorenzen]] (2004), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-21527-7}}, pp. 208–09, '''Quote''': "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within himself".</ref><ref>Chad Meister (2010), The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-534013-6}}, p. 63; '''Quote''': "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of Atman ("soul") and Brahman, Hinduism treats Sakyamuni Buddha as one of the ten avatars of Vishnu."</ref> In [[Hindu philosophy]], especially in the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hinduism]], Ātman is the [[first principle]],<ref>Deussen, Paul and Geden, A.S. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Cosimo Classics (1 June 2010). p. 86. {{ISBN|1-61640-240-7}}.</ref> the ''true'' self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena, the essence of an individual. In order to attain [[Moksha|liberation (moksha)]], a human being must acquire self-knowledge (atma [[jnana]]), which is to realize that one's true self (Ātman) is identical with the transcendent self [[Brahman]] according to [[Advaita Vedanta]].<ref name=davidlorenzenatman/><ref>Richard King (1995), ''Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2513-8}}, p. 64, '''Quote:''' "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of atman with Brahman".</ref>

The [[Hindu philosophy|six orthodox schools of Hinduism]] believe that there is Ātman (self, essence) in every being.<ref name="4sources">[[K. N. Jayatilleke]] (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0619-1}}, pp. 246–49, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2217-5}}, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|page=2}} to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'', pp. 2–4; Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206211126/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana |date=6 February 2015 }}, Philosophy Now</ref>

In [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]], a ''jiva'' ({{lang-sa|जीव}}, {{IAST|jīva}}, alternative spelling ''jiwa''; {{lang-hi|जीव}}, {{IAST|jīv}}, alternative spelling ''jeev'') is a living being, or any entity imbued with a life force.<ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew Hall|title=Plants as Persons: A Philosophical Botany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqzkqnETEVYC|year=2011|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3430-8|page=76}}</ref>

The concept of ''jiva'' in Jainism is similar to ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]'' in Hinduism. However, some Hindu traditions differentiate between the two concepts, with ''jiva'' considered as individual self, while atman as that which is universal unchanging self that is present in all living beings and everything else as the metaphysical [[Brahman]].<ref name="varenne46">{{cite book |author=Jean Varenne |author-link=Jean Varenne |title=Yoga and the Hindu Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meUWxDDqzuAC&pg=PA46 |year=1989 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0543-9 |pages=45–47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Myers|title=Brahman: A Comparative Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvaAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-83565-0|pages=140–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kO8-980xGk8C&dq=hiranyagarba&pg=PA32 |title=''The Philosophy of Person: Solidarity and Cultural Creativity'', Jozef Tischner and George McClean, 1994, p. 32 |isbn=9780819169266 |last1=McLean |first1=George F. |author1-link=George F. McLean |last2=Meynell |first2=Hugo Anthony |author2-link=Hugo Anthony Meynell |year=1988}}</ref> The latter is sometimes referred to as ''jiva-atman'' (a soul in a living body).<ref name=varenne46/>