Scotch-Irish Americans

===Iron and steel industry===
The iron and steel industry developed rapidly after 1830 and became one of the dominant factors in industrial America by the 1860s. Ingham (1978) examined the leadership of the industry in its most important center, Pittsburgh, as well as smaller cities. He concludes that the leadership of the iron and steel industry nationwide was "largely Scotch-Irish". Ingham finds that the Scotch-Irish held together cohesively throughout the 19th century and "developed their own sense of uniqueness".<ref>John Ingham, ''The Iron Barons'' (1978) quotes pp 7 and 228</ref>

New immigrants after 1800 made Pittsburgh a major Scotch-Irish stronghold. For example, [[Thomas Mellon]] (b. Ulster; 1813–1908) left Ireland in 1823 and became the founder of the famous Mellon clan, which played a central role in banking and industries such as aluminum and oil. As Barnhisel (2005) finds, industrialists such as [[James H. Laughlin]] (b. Ulster; 1806–1882) of [[Jones and Laughlin Steel Company]] constituted the "Scots-Irish Presbyterian ruling stratum of Pittsburgh society".<ref>Gregory Barnhisel (2005), ''James Laughlin, New Directions, and the Remaking of Ezra Pound'' p. 48</ref>
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