Rome

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Rome,_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg|thumb|Satellite image of Rome]]

Rome is in the [[Lazio]] region of [[central Italy]] on the [[Tiber]] ({{lang-it|Tevere}}) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the [[Tiber Island]], the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the [[Aventine Hill]], the [[Caelian Hill]], the [[Capitoline Hill]], the [[Esquiline Hill]], the [[Palatine Hill]], the [[Quirinal Hill]], and the [[Viminal Hill]]. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the [[Aniene]], which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre.

Although the city centre is about {{cvt|24|km|mi|0}} inland from the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]], the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of [[Ostia (Rome)|Ostia]] is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from {{cvt|13|m|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] (at the base of the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]]) to {{cvt|139|m|0}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] (the peak of [[Monte Mario]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ravaglioli |first1=Armando |title=Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita |publisher=Tascabili Economici Newton |year=1997 |location=Rome |language=it |isbn=978-88-8183-670-3}}</ref> The ''Comune'' of Rome covers an overall area of about {{cvt|1285|km2|0}}, including many green areas.

===Parks and gardens===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Rome}}
[[File:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg|thumb|The [[Temple of Aesculapius (Villa Borghese)|Temple of Aesculapius]], in the [[Villa Borghese gardens]]]]

Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204030918/http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52 |archive-date=4 February 2008 |title=Green Areas |publisher=RomaPerKyoto.org |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the [[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]], [[Villa Ada]], and [[Villa Doria Pamphili]]. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising some {{cvt|1.8|km2|1|abbr=out|lk=out}}. The [[Villa Sciarra (Rome)|Villa Sciarra]] is on the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the [[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza"|Orto Botanico]] (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush [[Villa Celimontana]], close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking [[Piazza del Popolo]] and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of [[Pincio]] and [[Villa Medici]]. There is also a notable pine wood at [[Castelfusano]], near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the [[Pineto Regional Park]] and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Rome}}
[[File:Doria Pamphili 6376.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stone pine]]s in the [[Villa Doria Pamphili]]]]

Rome has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.

Its average annual temperature is above {{cvt|21|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|9|°C|°F}} at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is {{cvt|12.6|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|2.1|°C|°F}} at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is {{cvt|31.7|°C|°F}} during the day and {{cvt|17.3|°C|°F}} at night.

December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately {{cvt|8|°C|°F}}. Temperatures during these months generally vary between {{cvt|10|and|15|C|F}} during the day and between {{cvt|3|and|5|C|F}} at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx |title=Storia della neve a Roma |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter |website=The Mercury News |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215424/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi |website=Corriere della sera |date=26 February 2018 |url=https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094826/https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>

The average [[relative humidity]] is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of {{cvt|13.9|°C|°F}} in February to a high of {{cvt|25.0|°C|°F}} in August.<ref name="seatemperature.org2">[http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181229/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm |date=13 July 2020 }}, seatemperature.org.</ref>

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was {{cvt|42.9|°C|°F}} on 18 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/17/europe-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate/&ved=2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg|title=Southern Europe soars to record temperatures as heat wave peaks|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Ian|last=Livingston|date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

{{Weather box 
|location = [[Rome Ciampino Airport]], elevation: {{convert|129|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present
|metric first= Yes 
|single line= Yes
|Jan record high C = 20.8
|Feb record high C = 23.0
|Mar record high C = 26.6
|Apr record high C = 30.0
|May record high C = 34.2
|Jun record high C = 39.3
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 40.6
|Sep record high C = 40.0
|Oct record high C = 32.0
|Nov record high C = 26.1
|Dec record high C = 21.2
|year record high C = 40.6
|Jan high C = 12.0
|Feb high C = 13.0
|Mar high C = 15.8
|Apr high C = 18.8
|May high C = 22.3
|Jun high C = 28.1
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 26.7
|Oct high C = 22.2
|Nov high C = 16.9
|Dec high C = 12.7
|year high C = 21.0
|Jan mean C = 7.5
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 13.6
|May mean C = 18.0
|Jun mean C = 22.5
|Jul mean C = 25.1
|Aug mean C = 25.4
|Sep mean C = 21.0
|Oct mean C = 17.0
|Nov mean C = 12.4
|Dec mean C = 8.5
|year mean C = 15.8
|Jan low C = 3.4
|Feb low C = 3.4
|Mar low C = 5.9
|Apr low C = 8.6
|May low C = 12.6
|Jun low C = 16.7
|Jul low C = 19.3
|Aug low C = 19.8
|Sep low C = 16.0
|Oct low C = 12.4
|Nov low C = 8.5
|Dec low C = 4.7
|year low C = 10.9
|Jan record low C = -11.0
|Feb record low C = -6.9
|Mar record low C = -6.5
|Apr record low C = -2.4
|May record low C = 1.8
|Jun record low C = 5.6
|Jul record low C = 9.1
|Aug record low C = 9.3
|Sep record low C = 4.3
|Oct record low C = 0.8
|Nov record low C = -5.2
|Dec record low C = -6.6
|year record low C = -11.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 65.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 62.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 58.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 68.6
|May precipitation mm = 56.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 30.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 19.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 30.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 64.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 88.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 108.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 98.3
|year precipitation mm = 752.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 7.40
|Feb precipitation days = 7.48
|Mar precipitation days = 6.85
|Apr precipitation days = 7.42
|May precipitation days = 5.54
|Jun precipitation days = 3.38
|Jul precipitation days = 2.16
|Aug precipitation days = 2.20
|Sep precipitation days = 6.00
|Oct precipitation days = 7.32
|Nov precipitation days = 8.84
|Dec precipitation days = 9.44
|year precipitation days = 74.03
|humidity colour = 
|Jan humidity = 75.8
|Feb humidity = 71.5
|Mar humidity = 70.6
|Apr humidity = 70.4
|May humidity = 69.0
|Jun humidity = 65.4
|Jul humidity = 63.3
|Aug humidity = 64.1
|Sep humidity = 69.1
|Oct humidity = 74.0
|Nov humidity = 77.9
|Dec humidity = 77.2
|year humidity = 70.7
|Jan sun = 155.9
|Feb sun = 171.9
|Mar sun = 203.1
|Apr sun = 221.1
|May sun = 276.5
|Jun sun = 298.8
|Jul sun = 337.6
|Aug sun = 320.2
|Sep sun = 237.9
|Oct sun = 200.6
|Nov sun = 153.3
|Dec sun = 146.9
|year sun = 2723.9
|Jan dew point C = 3.9
|Feb dew point C = 3.5
|Mar dew point C = 5.8
|Apr dew point C = 8.5
|May dew point C = 12.1
|Jun dew point C = 15.1
|Jul dew point C = 16.9
|Aug dew point C = 17.7
|Sep dew point C = 15.5
|Oct dew point C = 12.9
|Nov dew point C = 9.3
|Dec dew point C = 5.2
|year dew point C = 10.5
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|title = Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = August 31, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035310/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
|source 2 = Temperature extreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|language = it
|title = Roma Ciampino
|publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
|access-date = August 31, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035322/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/
|archive-date = 2023-08-31}}</ref>
}}