Romania

==Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Romania|Climate of Romania}}

[[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Topographic map of Romania]]

Romania is the largest country in [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]] and the [[List of European countries by area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe, having an area of {{convert|238397|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=yearbook>{{cite report|publisher=National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_en.pdf|access-date=7 June 2018| title= Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2017|date=2018}}</ref>{{rp|17}} It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]] and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]]. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}—the highest is [[Moldoveanu Peak]] at {{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|11}} They are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus, the [[Pannonian Plain]] and the [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains.

Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Balkan mixed forests]], [[Central European mixed forests]], [[East European forest steppe]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], [[Carpathian montane conifer forests]], and [[Pontic steppe]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|title=Romania's Biodiversity|publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania (via enrin.grida.no)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141053/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm|archive-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of [[Protected areas of Romania|protected areas in Romania]] covering 13&nbsp;[[national park]]s and three [[biosphere]] reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|title=Protected Areas in Romania|publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee)|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm|archive-date=17 November 2007}}</ref> The [[Danube]] river forms a large part of the border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008  }}</ref> At {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archive-date=26 April 2005}}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archive-date=27 January 2008  }}</ref> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|year=2010|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-90480-1|page=130}}</ref>

Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |title=Romania |publisher=Fao.org |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072102/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |archive-date=10 August 2014  }}</ref> The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some 3,700 [[plant species]] have been identified in the country, from which to date 23&nbsp;have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74&nbsp;extinct, 39&nbsp;endangered, 171&nbsp;vulnerable, and 1,253&nbsp;rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |title=Flora si fauna salbatica |publisher=enrin.grida.no |language=ro |access-date=7 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223142209/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>

The [[fauna of Romania]] consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085&nbsp;[[invertebrate]] and 707&nbsp;[[vertebrate]],<ref name="flora" /> with almost 400&nbsp;unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |title=EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania |access-date=10 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926191841/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> including about 50%&nbsp;of Europe's (excluding Russia) [[brown bear]]s<ref name="carnivoreconservation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|title=Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.|access-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> and 20%&nbsp;of its [[wolf|wolves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015  }}</ref>

===Climate===

[[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]]
Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}}&nbsp;in the south and {{convert|8|°C}}&nbsp;in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=10 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055354/http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|archive-date=23 September 2006}}</ref> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<ref name="clic.npolar.no">{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104422/http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=22 December 2004|access-date=31 August 2008}}</ref> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below {{convert|2|°C}}.<ref name="clic.npolar.no" /> Precipitation is average, with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately {{convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=yearbook />{{rp|29}}
There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meteoromania.ro/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114|url-status=dead|title=Meteo Romania &#124; Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>