Prohibition in the United States

===Alcohol consumption===
[[File:Prohibition-era-prescription-for-whiskey.jpg|thumb|Prohibition-era prescription for whiskey]]

According to a 2010 review of the academic research on Prohibition, "On balance, Prohibition probably reduced per capita alcohol use and alcohol-related harm, but these benefits eroded over time as an organized black market developed and public support for [national prohibition] declined."<ref name=":1" /> One study reviewing city-level drunkenness arrests concluded that prohibition had an immediate effect, but no long-term effect.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|last1=Dills|first1=Angela K.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Mireille|last3=Miron|first3=Jeffrey A.|date=February 2005|title=The effect of alcohol prohibition on alcohol consumption: evidence from drunkenness arrests|journal=Economics Letters|volume=86|issue=2|pages=279–284|citeseerx=10.1.1.147.7000|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2004.07.017|quote=These results suggest that Prohibition had a substantial short-term effect but roughly a zero long-term effect on drunkenness arrests. Perhaps most strikingly, the implied behavior of alcohol consumption is similar to that implied by cirrhosis. Dills and Miron (2004) find that Prohibition reduced cirrhosis by roughly 10–20%...The fact that different proxies tell the same story, however, is at least suggestive of a limited effect of national Prohibition on alcohol consumption.}}</ref> And, yet another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, at first, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level; but, over the next several years, increased to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level.<ref name="Miron">{{cite journal|last1=Miron|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Zwiebel|first2=Jeffrey|year=1991|title=Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition|journal=[[American Economic Review]]|series=Papers and Proceedings|volume=81|issue=2|pages=242–247|jstor=2006862}}</ref> The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating beverages, however, it did not outlaw the possession or consumption of alcohol in the United States, which would allow legal loopholes for consumers possessing alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prohibition: Unintended Consequences {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/unintended-consequences/|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.pbs.org|archive-date=April 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425062236/https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/prohibition/unintended-consequences/|url-status=live}}</ref>