Pol Pot

=== Against Lon Nol ===

==== Collaboration with Sihanouk: 1970–1971 ====
[[File:LonNol (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|In 1970, a coup led to Lon Nol taking control of Cambodia and instituting a right-wing, pro-U.S. administration]]

In March 1970, while Sâr was in Beijing, Cambodian parliamentarians led by [[Lon Nol]] deposed Sihanouk when he was out of the country.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1p=89|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2pp=195–97}} Sihanouk also flew to Beijing, where the Chinese and North Vietnamese Communist Parties urged him to form an alliance with the Khmer Rouge to overthrow Lon Nol's right-wing government. Sihanouk agreed.{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1pp=89–90|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2pp=198–99}} On [[Zhou Enlai]]'s advice, Sâr also agreed, although his dominant role in the CPK was concealed from Sihanouk.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=200}} Sihanouk then formed his own [[government-in-exile]] in Beijing and launched the [[National United Front of Kampuchea]] to rally Lon Nol's opponents.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=199–200}} Sihanouk's support for the Khmer Rouge helped greatly in recruitment, with Khmer Rouge undergoing a massive expansion in size. Many of the new recruits for the Khmer Rouge were apolitical peasants who fought in support of the King, not for communism, of which they had little understanding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IC15Ae01.html|title=Dining with the Dear Leader|work=Asia Time|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818154602/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IC15Ae01.html|url-status=unfit}}</ref>

In April 1970, Sâr flew to Hanoi.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=202}} He stressed to Lê Duẩn that while he wanted the Vietnamese to supply the Khmer Rouge with weapons, he did not want troops: the Cambodians needed to oust Lon Nol themselves.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=204}} North Vietnamese armies, in collaboration with the Viet Cong, nevertheless invaded Cambodia to attack Lon Nol's forces; in turn, South Vietnam and the United States sent troops to the country to bolster his government.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=202–03}} This pulled Cambodia into the [[Vietnam War|Second Indochina War]] already raging across Vietnam.{{sfn|Chandler|1992|p=87}} The U.S. dropped three times as many bombs on Cambodia during the conflict as they had on Japan during World War II.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=216}} Although targeting Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge encampments, the bombing primarily affected civilians.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=215}} This helped fuel recruitment to the Khmer Rouge,{{sfnm|1a1=Chandler|1y=1992|1p=101|2a1=Short|2y=2004|2p=218}} which had an estimated 12,000 regular soldiers at the end of 1970 and four times that number by 1972.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=218}}

[[File:11ACRCambodia1970.jpg|thumb|left|After Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia to overthrow Lon Nol's government, the U.S. (forces pictured) also sent in its military to bolster his administration]]

In June 1970, Sâr left Vietnam and reached his K-5 base.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=210–11}} In July he headed south; it was at this point that he began referring to himself as "Pol", a name he later lengthened to "Pol Pot".{{sfn|Short|2004|p=212}} By September, he was based at a camp on the border of [[Kratié Province|Kratie]] and [[Kampong Thom Province|Kompong Thom]], where he convened a meeting of the CPK Standing Committee. Although few senior members could attend, it issued a resolution setting out the principle of "independence-mastery", the idea that Cambodia must be self-reliant and fully independent of other countries.{{sfnm|1a1=Short|1y=2004|1p=213|2a1=Hinton|2y=2005|2p=382}} In November, Pol Pot, Ponnary, and their entourage relocated to the K-1 base at Dângkda.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=222}} His residence was set up on the northern side of the Chinit river; entry was strictly controlled.{{sfn|Short|2004|pp=223–24}} By the end of the year, Marxist forces had a presence in over half of Cambodia;{{sfn|Short|2004|p=216}} the Khmer Rouge played a restricted role in this, for throughout 1971 and 1972, the majority of fighting against Lon Nol was carried out by Vietnamese or by Cambodians under Vietnamese control.{{sfn|Chandler|1992|p=95}}

In January 1971, a Central Committee meeting was held at this base, bringing together 27 delegates to discuss the war.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=225}} During 1971, Pol Pot and the other senior party members focused on the construction of a regular Khmer Rouge army and administration that could take a central role when the Vietnamese withdrew.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=222}} Membership of the party was made more selective, permitting only those regarded as "poor peasants", not those seen as "middle peasants" or students.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=223}} In July and August, Pol Pot oversaw a month-long training course for CPK cadres in the Northern Zone headquarters.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=227}} This was followed by the CPK's Third Congress, attended by around 60 delegates, where Pol Pot was confirmed as the Secretary of the Central Committee and Chairman of its Military Commission.{{sfn|Short|2004|p=227}}