Plywood

== Production ==
[[File:Sandakan Sabah Plywood-Factory-20a.jpg|thumb|Logs for plywood construction in a plywood factory]]
Plywood production requires a good log, called a peeler, which is generally straighter and larger in diameter than one required for processing into dimensioned lumber by a [[sawmill]]. The log is laid horizontally and rotated about its long axis while a long blade is pressed into it, causing a thin layer of wood to peel off (much as a continuous sheet of paper from a roll). An adjustable nosebar, which may be solid or a roller, is pressed against the log during rotation, to create a "gap" for veneer to pass through between the knife and the nosebar.  The nosebar partly compresses the wood as it is peeled; it controls vibration of the peeling knife; and assists in keeping the veneer being peeled to an accurate thickness.  In this way the log is peeled into sheets of veneer, which are then cut to the desired oversize dimensions, to allow it to shrink (depending on wood species) when dried.  The sheets are then patched, graded, glued together and then baked in a press at a temperature of at least {{convert|140|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, and at a pressure of up to {{convert|1.9|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} (but more commonly 200 psi) to form the plywood panel. The panel can then be patched, have minor surface defects such as splits or small knot holes filled, re-sized, sanded or otherwise refinished, depending on the market for which it is intended.

[[File:Joensuu plywood mill (1).jpg|thumb|A plywood mill in [[Joensuu]], [[Finland]]]]
Plywood for indoor use generally uses the less expensive [[urea-formaldehyde]] glue, which has limited water resistance, while outdoor and marine-grade plywood are designed to withstand moisture, and use a water-resistant [[resorcinol-formaldehyde]] or [[Phenol formaldehyde resin|phenol-formaldehyde]] glue to prevent [[delamination]] and to retain strength in high [[humidity]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldwoodply.com/boat.php|title = Marine Plywood Grades and Specifications - Boat Marine Plywood &#124;Goldwood Industries}}</ref>

The adhesives used in plywood have become a point of concern. Both urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde are carcinogenic in very high concentrations. As a result, many manufacturers are turning to low formaldehyde-emitting glue systems, denoted by an "E" rating. Plywood produced to "E0" has effectively zero formaldehyde emissions.<ref>[http://www.ewp.asn.au/newsandmedia/downloads/media_release_-_formaldehyde_emissions.pdf Engineered Wood Products Association of Australasia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044838/http://www.ewp.asn.au/newsandmedia/downloads/media_release_-_formaldehyde_emissions.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. (PDF). Retrieved on 2012-02-10.</ref>

In addition to the glues being brought to the forefront, the wood resources themselves are becoming the focus of manufacturers, due in part to energy conservation, as well as concern for natural resources. There are several certifications available to manufacturers who participate in these programs. [[Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification]] (PEFC) [[Forest Stewardship Council]] (FSC), [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED), [[Sustainable Forestry Initiative]] (SFI), and Greenguard are all certification programs that ensure that production and construction practices are sustainable. Many of these programs offer tax benefits to both the manufacturer and the end user.<ref>[http://www.prowoodworkingtips.com/Plywood.html Pro Woodworking Tips.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005212434/http://prowoodworkingtips.com/Plywood.html |date=2010-10-05 }}. Pro Woodworking Tips.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-10.</ref>