Philippines

=== Military ===
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}
[[File:BRP Jose Rizal at RIMPAC 2020 005.jpg|thumb|alt=Gray ship|[[BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)]] is the [[lead ship]] of [[Jose Rizal-class frigate|her class]] of [[Philippine Navy]] [[guided missile frigate]]s.]]

The [[Volunteer military|volunteer]] Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the [[Philippine Air Force]], the [[Philippine Army]], and the [[Philippine Navy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=AFP Organization |url=http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307023417/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-date=March 7, 2005 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Casey-Maslen |editor-first1=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ |title=The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-103764-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}}</ref> Civilian security is handled by the [[Philippine National Police]] under the [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]].<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 |chamber=RA |number=6975 |date=December 13, 1990 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829090530/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were [[Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit|paramilitaries]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Baclig |first=Cristina Eloisa |date=January 20, 2022 |title=PH 51st on list of world's most powerful militaries |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053550/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2 |archive-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, $4,090,500,000 (1.04 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2016 |title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |url=https://milex.sipri.org/sipri|access-date=July 7, 2020 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |location=Solna, Sweden}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS |access-date=July 7, 2020 |publisher=[[The World Bank]]}}</ref> Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as [[Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines|communist]] and [[Moro conflict|Muslim]] separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of [[List of equipment of the Philippine Navy|Philippine naval capability]] which began during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Till |editor-first1=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ |title=Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences |series=Cass Series: Naval Policy and History |editor-last2=Chan |editor-first2=Jane |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, England |isbn=978-1-135-95394-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150] |language=en |author-link1=Geoffrey Till}}</ref> [[AFP Modernization Act|A military modernization program]] began in 1995<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Wu |editor-first1=Shicun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ |title=Securing the Safety of Navigation in East Asia: Legal and Political Dimensions |series=Chandos Asian Studies Series |editor-last2=Zou |editor-first2=Keyuan |date=November 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-78242-160-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35] |language=en}}</ref> and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=December 11, 2012 |title=Aquino signs revised AFP Modernization Act |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421114944/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>

The Philippines has long struggled against [[Civil conflict in the Philippines|local insurgencies]], [[Separatism in the Philippines|separatism]], and [[Terrorism in the Philippines|terrorism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Arnold |first=Guy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ |title=Wars in the Third World Since 1945 |series=History and Politics in the 20th Century: Conflict: Bloomsbury Academic Collections |date=2016 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-4742-9101-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 497] |language=en |author-link1=Guy Arnold}}</ref><ref name="Croissant-2017">{{cite book|last1=Croissant |first1=Aurel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ |title=Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes |last2=Lorenz |first2=Philip |date=2017 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-68182-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 243] |author-link1=Aurel S. Croissant}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=GTD Search Results; Philippines |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315083451/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Global Terrorism Database |publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref> [[Bangsamoro]]'s largest separatist organizations, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], signed final peace agreements with the government in [[1996 Final Peace Agreement|1996]] and [[Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro|2014]] respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=MMP: Moro National Liberation Front |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front#text_block_20212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101073611/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=[[Center for International Security and Cooperation]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Esguerra |first1=Christian V. |author-link=Christian Esguerra |last2=Burgonio |first2=TJ |date=March 28, 2014 |title=Philippines, MILF sign peace agreement |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328040452/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Other, more-militant groups such as [[Abu Sayyaf]] and [[Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters]]<ref name="CTCSentinel-BIFF">{{cite journal|last1=Chalk |first1=Peter |title=The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters: The Newest Obstacles to Peace in the Southern Philippines? |journal=CTC Sentinel |date=November 2013 |volume=6 |issue=11–12 |pages=15–17 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center|Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]] |oclc=872740536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619003423/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |via=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}</ref> have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |title=Armed Conflict Survey 2021 |date=September 20, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-54558-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xONDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT539 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ciment |editor-first1=James |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II |title=Philippines: War on Islamic Militants Since 1990 |date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |edition=2nd |volume=One–Four |isbn=978-1-317-47186-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA662 662] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ}}</ref> and [[Maguindanao]],<ref name="CTCSentinel-BIFF" /> but their presence has been reduced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schiavo-Campo |first1=Salvatore |last2=Judd |first2=Mary |date=February 2005 |title=The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf |series=Working Papers Series |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |issue=Paper No. 24 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=992235323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007105619/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2023}} {{No ISBN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=October 10, 2020 |title=PH Army keen to end terror threat with arrest of 3 terrorists |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144543/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |archive-date=October 30, 2020}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] and its military wing, the [[New People's Army]], have been waging [[New People's Army rebellion|guerrilla warfare]] against the government since the 1970s and, although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,<ref name="Croissant-2017" /><ref>{{cite book|last=White |first=Jonathan R. |edition=Seventh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWF-twYVE7sC |title=Terrorism and Homeland Security |date=2011 |publisher=[[Wadsworth Cengage Learning]] |location=Belmont, Calif. |isbn=978-0-495-91336-8 |page=363}}</ref> have [[Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines|engaged]] in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces.<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023">{{cite book|last=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4659 |title=CIA World Factbook 2022–2023 |date=June 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-5107-7119-2 |language=en |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>