Philanthropy

===Ford Foundation===
{{Main|Ford Foundation}}
With the acquisition of most of the stock of the [[Ford Motor Company]] in the late 1940s, the [[Ford Foundation]] became the largest American philanthropy, splitting its activities between the United States and the rest of the world. Outside the United States, it established a network of human rights organizations, promoted democracy, gave large numbers of fellowships for young leaders to study in the United States, and invested heavily in the [[Green Revolution]], whereby poor nations dramatically increased their output of rice, wheat, and other foods. Both Ford and Rockefeller were heavily involved.<ref>{{citation|doi=10.1196/annals.1425.028|pmid=18579885|title=Building an Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1136|issue=1|pages=233–42|year=2008|last1=Toenniessen|first1=Gary|last2=Adesina|first2=Akinwumi|last3=Devries|first3=Joseph|bibcode=2008NYASA1136..233T|s2cid=16277025|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ford also gave heavily to build up research universities in Europe and worldwide. For example, in Italy in 1950, sent a team to help the Italian ministry of education reform the nation's school system, based on meritocracy (rather than political or family patronage) and democratisation (with universal access to secondary schools). It reached a compromise between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists to help promote uniform treatment and equal outcomes. The success in Italy became a model for Ford programs and many other nations.<ref>{{citation|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2016.1154192|title=American cultural diplomacy and post-war educational reforms: James Bryant Conant's mission to Italy in 1960|url=https://iris.unimore.it/handle/11380/1176822|journal=History of Education|volume=45|issue=3|pages=352–371|year=2016|last1=Mariuzzo|first1=Andrea|s2cid=146991139|hdl=11380/1176822|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The Ford Foundation in the 1950s wanted to modernize the legal systems in [[India]] and [[Africa]], by promoting the American model. The plan failed, because of India's unique legal history, traditions, {{clarify|text=and profession|date=August 2023}}, as well as its economic and political conditions. Ford, therefore, turned to agricultural reform.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jayanth K.|last=Krishnan|title=Professor Kingsfield goes to Delhi: American academics, the Ford Foundation, and the development of legal education in India|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1347&context=facpub|journal=American Journal of Legal History|volume=46|number=4|year=2004|pages=447–499|doi=10.2307/3692406 |jstor=3692406 |s2cid=142891825 }}</ref> The success rate in Africa was no better, and that program closed in 1977.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jayanth K.|last=Krishnan|title=Academic SAILERS: The Ford Foundation and the Efforts to Shape Legal Education in Africa, 1957–1977|url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1795&context=facpub|journal=American Journal of Legal History|volume=52|number=3|year=2012|pages=261–324|doi=10.1093/ajlh/52.3.261 }}</ref>