Parvati

==Outside India==
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 | footer = Parvati as Uma or Durga sculpture are found in Southeast Asia. An 8th century Parvati from [[Cambodia]] (left), a 10th-century Uma from [[Champa]] [[Vietnam]] (center), and a 14th-century Parvati from [[Majapahit]] Java (right).
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Sculpture and iconography of Parvati, in one of her many manifestations, have been found in temples and literature of Southeast Asia. For example, early Saivite inscriptions of the Khmer in [[Cambodia]], dated as early as the fifth century AD, mention Parvati (Uma) and Siva.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis (2004), "The Saiva Religion among the Khmers, Part I.", Bulletin de Ecole frangaise d'Etreme-Orient, 90–91, pp 349–462</ref> Many ancient and medieval era Cambodian temples, rock arts and river bed carvings such as the [[Kbal Spean]] are dedicated to Parvati and Shiva.<ref>Michael Tawa (2001), At Kbal Spean, Architectural Theory Review, Volume 6, Issue 1, pp 134–137</ref><ref>Helen Jessup (2008), The rock shelter of Peuong Kumnu and Visnu Images on Phnom Kulen, Vol. 2, National University of Singapore Press, {{ISBN|978-9971694050}}, pp. 184–192</ref>

Boisselier has identified Uma in a Champa era temple in [[Vietnam]].<ref>[[Jean Boisselier]] (2002), "The Art of Champa", in Emmanuel Guillon (Editor) – Hindu-Buddhist Art in Vietnam: Treasures from Champa, Trumbull, p. 39</ref>

Dozens of ancient temples dedicated to Parvati as Uma, with Siva, have been found in the islands of [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]]. Her manifestation as Durga has also been found in southeast Asia.<ref>Hariani Santiko (1997), The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2 (1997), pp. 209–226</ref> Many of the temples in [[Java]] dedicated to Siva-Parvati are from the second half of 1st millennium AD, and some from later centuries.<ref>R Ghose (1966), [http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/28763/1/FullText.pdf Saivism in Indonesia during the Hindu-Javanese period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226041451/http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/28763/1/FullText.pdf |date=26 December 2014 }}, Thesis, Department of History, University of Hong Kong</ref> Durga icons and worship have been dated to be from the 10th- to 13th-century.<ref>Peter Levenda (2011), Tantric Temples: Eros and Magic in Java, {{ISBN|978-0892541690}}, pp 274</ref>

[[File:Batakaru6.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.85|Pillar temple with offerings to ''[[Dewi Sri]]''. She is variously interpreted as Parvati or as Lakshmi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Joe Cribb|author2=Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles|title=Magic Coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula: Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlNmAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=978-0-7141-0881-0|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&pg=PA178 |year=1993 |publisher =University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-06456-7|pages=178–179}}</ref>]]
Derived from Parvati's form as [[Mahakali]], her [[wiktionary:nipponize|nipponized]] form is [[Daikokuten#Goddess Daikokutennyo|Daikokutennyo (大黒天女)]].

In [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhorn Si Thammarat]] province of Thailand, excavations at Dev Sathan have yielded a Hindu Temple dedicated to Vishnu (Na Pra Narai), a lingam in the ''yoni'', a Shiva temple (San Pra Isuan). The sculpture of Parvati found at this excavation site reflects the South Indian style.<ref>R. Agarwal (2008), "Cultural Collusion: South Asia and the construction of the Modern Thai Identities", Mahidol University International College (Thailand)</ref><ref>Gutman, P. (2008), Siva in Burma, in ''Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists: the British Museum, London, 14th–17th September 2004: Interpreting Southeast Asia's past'', monument, image, and text (Vol. 10, p. 135), National University of Singapore Press</ref>

; Bali, Indonesia
Parvati, locally spelled as ''Parwati'', is a principal goddess in modern-day Hinduism of [[Bali]]. She is more often called ''Uma'', and sometimes referred to as ''Giriputri'' (daughter of the mountains).<ref name=rrost>[[Reinhold Rost]], {{Google books|l1AdAAAAMAAJ|Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Indo-China and the Indian Archipelago|page=105}}, Volume 2, pp 105</ref> She is the goddess of mountain [[Mount Agung|Gunung Agung]].<ref name=jaryan/> Like Hinduism of India, Uma has many manifestations in Bali, Indonesia. She is the wife of deity ''Siwa''. Uma or Parwati is considered as the mother goddess that nurtures, nourishes, grants fertility to crop and all life. As ''Dewi Danu'', she presides over waters, lake [[Pura Ulun Danu Batur|Batur]] and [[Mount Batur|Gunung Batur]], a major volcano in Bali. Her ferocious form in Bali is ''Dewi Durga''.<ref>Michele Stephen (2005), Desire Divine & Demonic: Balinese Mysticism in the Paintings, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824828592}}, pp 119–120, 90</ref> As ''Rangda'', she is wrathful and presides over cemeteries.<ref name=jaryan>Jones and Ryan, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-0816054589}}, pp 67–68</ref> As ''[[Ibu Pertiwi]]'', Parwati of Balinese Hinduism is the goddess of earth.<ref name=jaryan/> The legends about various manifestations of Parwati, and how she changes from one form to another, are in Balinese literature, such as the palm-leaf (''lontar'') manuscript ''Andabhuana''.<ref>[[J. Stephen Lansing]] (2012), ''Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali,'' Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691156262}}, pp 138–139</ref>