Mumps

==Prevention==
{| class="wikitable" align=right style="margin:1em"
|+ Select mumps combination vaccines<ref name=su />
! Vaccine !! Strain !! MMR(V)
|-
| MMR II || Jeryl Lynn || MMR
|-
| Morupar || Urabe AM9 || MMR
|-
| Priorix || Jeryl Lynn RIT 4385 || MMR
|-
| Trimovax || Urabe AM9 || MMR
|-
| Triviraten || Rubini || MMR
|-
| Priorix-Tetra || Jeryl Lynn RIT 4385 || MMRV
|-
| ProQuad || Jeryl Lynn || MMRV
|}

Mumps is preventable with vaccination. Mumps vaccines use [[Attenuated vaccine|live attenuated]] viruses.<ref name=davison /> Most countries include mumps vaccination in their immunization programs, and the [[MMR vaccine]], which also protects against [[measles]] and [[rubella]], is the most commonly used mumps vaccine.<ref name=who /> Mumps vaccination can also be done on its own<ref name=japan >{{cite web |url=https://www.jpeds.or.jp/uploads/files/20180801_JPS%20Schedule%20English.pdf |title=Changes in the Immunization Schedule Recommended by the Japan Pediatric Society |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1 August 2018 |website=Japan Pediatric Society |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926180710/http://www.jpeds.or.jp/uploads/files/20180801_JPS%20Schedule%20English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and as a part of the [[MMRV vaccine]], which also provides protection against measles, rubella, [[chickenpox]], and [[shingles]]. More than 120 countries have adopted mumps vaccination, but coverage remains low in most African, South Asian, and Southeast Asian countries.<ref name=beleni /> In countries that have implemented mumps vaccination, significant declines in mumps cases and complications caused by infection such as encephalitis have been observed.<ref name=who /> Mumps vaccines are typically administered in early childhood, but may also be given in adolescence and adulthood if need be.<ref name=cdc /><ref name=beleni /><ref name=mdh >{{cite web |url=http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html |title=Mumps Clinical Information – Minnesota Dept. of Health |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519011342/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/diseases/mumps/hcp/clinical.html |archive-date=19 May 2011 |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> Vaccination is expected to be capable of neutralizing wild-type MuVs, which are not included in the vaccine, since they do not appear to evade vaccine-derived immunity.<ref name=latner />

A variety of virus strains have been used in mumps vaccines, including the Jeryl Lynn (JL), Leningrad-3, Leningrad-3-Zagreb (L-Zagreb), Rubini, and Urabe AM9 strains. Some other less prominent strains exist that are typically confined to individual countries. These include the Hoshino, Miyahara, Torii, and NK M-46 strains that have been produced in Japan and the S-12 strain, which is used by Iran.<ref name=su /><ref name=peltola >{{cite journal |vauthors=Peltola H, Kulkarni PS, Kapre SV, Paunio M, Jadhav SS, Dhere RM |date=15 August 2007 |title=Mumps outbreaks in Canada and the United States: time for new thinking on mumps vaccines |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=459–466 |doi=10.1086/520028 |pmid=17638194 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mild adverse reactions are relatively common, including fever and rash,<ref name=cdc /> but aseptic meningitis also occurs at varying rates.<ref name=su /><ref name=peltola /> Other rare adverse reactions include meningoencephalitis, parotitis, deafness from inner ear damage, orchitis, and pancreatitis.<ref name=senanayake /> Safety and effectiveness vary by vaccine strain:<ref name=su /><ref name=peltola />
* Rubini is safe but because of its low effectiveness in outbreaks, its use has been abandoned.
* JL is relatively safe and has a relatively high effectiveness. However, the effectiveness is significantly lower in outbreaks. A modified version of JL vaccines is RIT 4385, which is also considered safe.
* Urabe and Leningrad-3 are both at least as effective as JL, but are less safe.
* L-Zagreb, a modified version of Leningrad-3, is considered safe and effective, including in outbreaks.

Mumps protection from the MMR vaccine is higher after two doses than one<ref name=demicheli >{{cite journal |vauthors=Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, Pietrantonj CD |date=15 February 2012 |title=Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2012 |issue=2 |pages=CD004407 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3 |pmc=6458016 |pmid=22336803}}<!--Do not replace this reference. The updated review does not contain the cited information.--></ref> and is estimated to be between 79% and 95%, lower than the degree of protection against measles and rubella. This, however, has still been sufficient to nearly eliminate mumps in countries that vaccinate against it as well as significantly reduce frequencies of complications among the vaccinated.<ref name=latner /> If at least one dose is received, then hospitalization rates are reduced by an estimated 50% among the infected.<ref name=beleni /> Compared to the MMR vaccine, the MMRV vaccine appears to be less effective in terms of providing mumps protection.<ref name=ma >{{cite journal |vauthors=Ma SJ, Li X, Xiong YQ, Yao AL, Chen Q |date=November 2015 |title=Combination Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Vaccine in Healthy Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Immunogenicity and Safety |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=94 |issue=44 |pages=e1721 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000001721 |pmc=4915870 |pmid=26554769 }}</ref> A difficulty in assessing vaccine effectiveness is that there is no clear correlate of immunity, so it is not possible to predict if a person has acquired immunity from the vaccine.<ref name=latner />

There is a lack of data on the effectiveness of a third dose of the MMR vaccine. In an outbreak in which a third dose was administered, it was unclear if it had any effect on reducing disease incidence, and it only appeared to boost antibodies in those who previously had little or no antibodies to mumps.<ref name=latner /> Contraindications for mumps vaccines include prior allergic reaction to any ingredients or to [[neomycin]], pregnancy, [[immunosuppression]], a moderate or severe illness, having received a blood product recently, and, for MMRV vaccines specifically, a personal or familial history of seizures.<ref name=cdc /> It is also advised that women not become pregnant in the four weeks after MMR vaccination.<ref name=mdh /> No effective prophylaxis exists for mumps after one has been exposed to the virus, so vaccination or receiving immunoglobulin after exposure does not prevent progression to illness.<ref name=cdc /><ref name=davis /><ref name=gupta />

For people who are infected or suspected to be infected, isolation is important in preventing the spread of the disease.<ref name=levine /><ref name=mdh /> This includes abstaining from school, childcare, work, and other settings in which people gather together. In health care settings, it is recommended that health care workers use precautions such as face masks to reduce the likelihood of infection and to abstain from work if they develop mumps. Additional measures taken in health care facilities include reducing wait times for mumps patients, having mumps patients wear masks, and cleaning and disinfecting areas that mumps patients use.<ref name=mdh /> The virus can be inactivated by means of formalin, ether, chloroform, heat, or ultraviolet light.<ref name=cdc />
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