Julian calendar Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Month names== The Julian reform did not immediately cause the names of any months to be changed. The old [[Mercedonius|intercalary month]] was abolished and replaced with a single intercalary day at the same point (i.e., five days before the end of February).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Genealogy |first=History & |title=LibGuides Home: Colonial Records & Topics: 1752 Calendar Change |url=https://libguides.ctstatelibrary.org/hg/colonialresearch/calendar |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=libguides.ctstatelibrary.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intercalation |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/intercalation.html |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> ===Roman=== The Romans later renamed months after Julius Caesar and Augustus, renaming Quintilis as "Iulius" (July)<ref name=J /> in 44 BC and Sextilis as "Augustus" (August) in 8 BC. Quintilis was renamed to honour Caesar because it was the month of his birth.<ref>Suetonius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#76 ''Caesar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120530163202/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#76 |date=2012-05-30 }} 76.1.</ref> According to a {{lang|la|[[senatus consultum]]}} quoted by Macrobius, Sextilis was renamed to honour Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power, culminating in the fall of Alexandria, occurred in that month.<ref>Suetonius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#31.2 ''Augustus'' 31.2]; Macrobius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html#12.35 ''Saturnalia'' 1.12.35] (Latin)</ref> Other months were renamed by other emperors, but apparently none of the later changes survived their deaths. In AD 37, [[Caligula]] renamed September as "Germanicus" after his [[Germanicus|father]];<ref>Suetonius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#15.2 ''Caligula'' 15.2].</ref> in AD 65, [[Nero]] renamed April as "Neroneus", May as "Claudius" and June as "Germanicus";<ref>Tacitus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/15C*.html#74 ''Annals'' 15.74], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/16*.html#12 16.12].</ref> and in AD 84 [[Domitian]] renamed September as "Germanicus" and October as "Domitianus".<ref>Suetonius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Domitian*.html#13.3 ''Domitian'' 13.3].</ref> [[Commodus]] was unique in renaming all twelve months after his own adopted names (January to December): "Amazonius", "Invictus", "Felix", "Pius", "Lucius", "Aelius", "Aurelius", "Commodus", "Augustus", "Herculeus", "Romanus", and "Exsuperatorius".<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/73*.html#72-15.3 Dio Cassius 73.15.3].</ref> The emperor [[Marcus Claudius Tacitus|Tacitus]] is said to have ordered that September, the month of his birth and accession, be renamed after him, but the story is doubtful since he did not become emperor before November 275.<ref>Historia Augusta, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Tacitus*.html#13.6 ''Tacitus'' 13.6]. On the chronology see [http://www.roman-emperors.org/tacitus.htm R. McMahon, ''Tacitus''.]</ref> Similar honorific month names were implemented in many of the provincial calendars that were aligned to the Julian calendar.<ref>Surveyed in K. Scott, ''Honorific Months'', Yale Classical Studies 2 (1931) 201–278.</ref> Other name changes were proposed but were never implemented. [[Tiberius]] rejected a senatorial proposal to rename September as "Tiberius" and October as "Livius", after his mother Livia.<ref>Suetonius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#26.2 ''Tiberius'' 26.2].</ref> [[Antoninus Pius]] rejected a senatorial decree renaming September as "Antoninus" and November as "Faustina", after [[Faustina the Elder|his empress]].<ref>Historia Augusta, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Antoninus_Pius*.html#10 ''Antoninus Pius'' 10.1].</ref> ===Charlemagne=== Much more lasting than the ephemeral month names of the post-Augustan Roman emperors were the [[Germanic calendar|Old High German names]] introduced by [[Charlemagne]]. According to his biographer, Charlemagne renamed all of the months agriculturally into German.<ref>Einhard, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp#Reforms ''Life of Charlemagne'', 29].</ref> These names were used until the 15th century, over 700 years after his rule, and continued, with some modifications, to see some use as "traditional" month names until the late 18th century. The names (January to December) were: ''Wintarmanoth'' ("winter month"), ''Hornung'',<ref group=note>This name of February, the only name in the list without the "month" suffix, is explained by König, ''Festschrift Bergmann'' (1997), pp. 425 ff. as a collective of ''[[:wikt:horn|horn]]'', taken to refer to the antlers shed by [[red deer]] during this time. Older explanations compare the name with Old Frisian ''horning'' (Anglo-Saxon ''hornung-sunu'', Old Norse ''hornungr'') meaning "bastard, illegitimate son", taken to imply a meaning of "disinherited" in reference to February being the shortest of months.</ref> ''Lentzinmanoth'' ("spring month", "[[:wikt:Lent|Lent]] month"), ''Ostarmanoth'' ("[[:wikt:Easter|Easter]] month"), ''Wonnemanoth'' ("[[:wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic/wunjō|joy]]-month", a corruption of ''Winnimanoth'' "pasture-month"), ''Brachmanoth'' ("[[:wikt:Brache|fallow]]-month"), ''Heuuimanoth'' ("hay month"), ''Aranmanoth'' ("[[:wikt:earnian|reaping]] month"), ''Witumanoth'' ("wood month"), ''Windumemanoth'' ("vintage month"), ''Herbistmanoth'' ("harvest month"), and ''Heilagmanoth'' ("holy month"). ===Eastern Europe=== The calendar month names used in western and northern Europe, in Byzantium, and by the [[Berber calendar#The months|Amazigh (Berbers)]], were derived from the Latin names. However, in eastern Europe older seasonal month names continued to be used into the 19th century, and in some cases are still in use, in many languages, including: [[Belarusian months|Belarusian]], [[Bulgarian months|Bulgarian]], [[Croatian months|Croatian]], [[Czech months|Czech]], Finnish,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wordinfo.info/unit/3236/ip:23 |title=Calendar, Finnish |website=English-Word Information}}</ref> [[Georgian calendar|Georgian]], [[Lithuanian calendar#Names of the months|Lithuanian]], [[Macedonian months|Macedonian]], [[Polish months|Polish]], [[Romanian calendar#Traditional month names|Romanian]], [[Slovene months|Slovene]], [[Ukrainian months|Ukrainian]]. When the Ottoman Empire adopted the Julian calendar, in the form of the Rumi calendar, the [[Rumi calendar#History|month names]] reflected Ottoman tradition. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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