Jaffa

====Napoleon (1799)====
[[File:Antoine-Jean Gros - Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa]], 1804 [[propaganda]] painting commissioned by Napoleon; completed by [[Baron Gros]], who had not visited Jaffa]]

On 7 March 1799, [[Napoleon]] captured the town in what became known as the [[Siege of Jaffa]], ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French.<ref name="Moit">{{cite book |author=Jacques-François Miot |title=Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie |year=1814}}, quoted in {{cite journal |author=Véronique Nahoum-Grappe |year=2002 |title=The anthropology of extreme violence: the crime of desecration |journal=International Social Science Journal |volume=54 |issue=174 |pages=549–557 |doi=10.1111/1468-2451.00409}}</ref> Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Jacques-François Miot described it thus:
{{blockquote|On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the south-west of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down.<ref name=Moit/>}}
Many more died in an epidemic of [[bubonic plague]] that broke out soon afterwards.<ref>''Jaffa: a City in Evolution'' Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 8–9</ref>
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