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Do not fill this in! === Kingdom of Egypt (1922β1953) === {{Main|Kingdom of Egypt}} [[File:Fuad I of Egypt, Edward VIII, & Mohamed Sa'id PaΕa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Fuad I of Egypt]] with [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], 1932]] Following independence from the United Kingdom, Sultan [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]] assumed the title of [[Kingdom of Egypt|King of Egypt]]; despite being nominally independent, the Kingdom was still under British military occupation and the UK still had great influence over the state.[[File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|British infantry near [[First Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]], 17 July 1942]] The [[Kingdom of Egypt|new government]] drafted and implemented a [[1923 Constitution of Egypt|constitution]] in 1923 based on a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] system. The nationalist Wafd Party won a landslide victory in the [[1923β24 Egyptian parliamentary election|1923β1924 election]] and [[Saad Zaghloul]] was appointed as the new Prime Minister. In 1936, the [[Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936|Anglo-Egyptian Treaty]] was concluded and British troops withdrew from Egypt, except for the Suez Canal. The treaty did not resolve the question of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]], which, under the terms of the existing Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, stated that Sudan should be jointly governed by Egypt and Britain, but with real power remaining in British hands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33|title=A History of Modern Sudan|last1=Collins|first1=Robert O.|last2=Collins|first2=Professor of History Robert O.|date=29 May 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85820-5|language=en}}</ref> Britain used Egypt as a base for Allied operations throughout the region, especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany. Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean, and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia. When the war began in September 1939, Egypt declared martial law and broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. It broke diplomatic relations with Italy in 1940, but never declared war, even when the Italian army invaded Egypt. The Egyptian army did no fighting. In June 1940 the King dismissed Prime Minister Aly Maher, who got on poorly with the British. A new coalition Government was formed with the Independent Hassan Pasha Sabri as Prime Minister. Following a ministerial crisis in February 1942, the ambassador Sir [[Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn|Miles Lampson]], pressed Farouk to have a [[Wafd Party|Wafd]] or Wafd-coalition government replace [[Hussein Sirri Pasha]]'s government. On the night of 4 February 1942, [[Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942|British troops and tanks surrounded Abdeen Palace in Cairo and Lampson presented Farouk with an ultimatum]]. Farouk capitulated, and Nahhas formed a government shortly thereafter. Most British troops were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947 (although the British army maintained a military base in the area), but nationalist, anti-British feelings continued to grow after the War. Anti-monarchy sentiments further increased following the disastrous performance of the Kingdom in the [[First Arab-Israeli War]]. The 1950 election saw a landslide victory of the nationalist [[Wafd Party]] and the King was forced to appoint [[Mostafa El-Nahas]] as new Prime Minister. In 1951 Egypt unilaterally withdrew from the [[Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936|Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936]] and ordered all remaining British troops to leave the Suez Canal. As the British refused to leave their base around the Suez Canal, the Egyptian government cut off the water and refused to allow food into the Suez Canal base, announced a boycott of British goods, forbade Egyptian workers from entering the base and sponsored guerrilla attacks. On 24 January 1952, Egyptian guerrillas staged a fierce attack on the British forces around the Suez Canal, during which the Egyptian Auxiliary Police were observed helping the guerrillas. In response, on 25 January, General [[George Erskine]] sent out British tanks and infantry to surround the auxiliary police station in Ismailia. The police commander called the Interior Minister, [[Fouad Serageddin]], Nahas's right-hand man, to ask if he should surrender or fight. Serageddin ordered the police to fight "to the last man and the last bullet". The resulting battle saw the police station levelled and 43 Egyptian policemen killed together with 3 British soldiers. The Ismailia incident outraged Egypt. The next day, 26 January 1952 was [[Cairo fire|"Black Saturday"]], as the anti-British riot was known, that saw much of downtown Cairo which the Khedive Ismail the Magnificent had rebuilt in the style of Paris, burned down. Farouk blamed the Wafd for the Black Saturday riot, and dismissed Nahas as prime minister the next day. He was replaced by [[Aly Maher Pasha]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web|title=Egypt |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> On 22β23 July 1952, the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]], led by [[Muhammad Naguib]] and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], launched a coup d'Γ©tat ([[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]]) against the king. Farouk I abdicated the throne to his son [[Fuad II of Egypt|Fouad II]], who was, at the time, a seven-month-old baby. The Royal Family left Egypt some days later and the Council of Regency, led by [[Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim]] was formed, The council, however, held only nominal authority and the real power was actually in the hands of the [[Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council|Revolutionary Command Council]], led by Naguib and Nasser. Popular expectations for immediate reforms led to the workers' riots in [[Kafr Dawar]] on 12 August 1952. Following a brief experiment with civilian rule, the Free Officers abrogated the monarchy and the 1923 constitution and declared Egypt a republic on 18 June 1953. Naguib was proclaimed as president, while Nasser was appointed as the new Prime Minister. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page