Ebola

===Immune system evasion===
Filoviral infection also interferes with proper functioning of the [[innate immune system]].<ref name="Misasi2014" /><ref name="Olejnik2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olejnik J, Ryabchikova E, Corley RB, Mühlberger E |date=August 2011 |title=Intracellular events and cell fate in filovirus infection |journal=Viruses |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=1501–31 |doi=10.3390/v3081501 |pmc=3172725 |pmid=21927676 |doi-access=free}}</ref> EBOV proteins blunt the human immune system's response to viral infections by interfering with the cells' ability to produce and respond to interferon proteins such as [[interferon-alpha]], [[interferon-beta]], and [[interferon gamma]].<ref name="Kuhl2012" /><ref name="Ramanan2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramanan P, Shabman RS, Brown CS, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Leung DW |date=September 2011 |title=Filoviral immune evasion mechanisms |journal=Viruses |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1634–49 |doi=10.3390/v3091634 |pmc=3187693 |pmid=21994800 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The VP24 and VP35 structural proteins of EBOV play a key role in this interference. When a cell is infected with EBOV, receptors located in the cell's [[cytosol]] (such as [[RIG-I]] and [[MDA5]]) or outside of the cytosol (such as [[Toll-like receptor 3|Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)]], [[Toll-like receptor 7|TLR7]], [[Toll-like receptor 8|TLR8]] and [[Toll-like receptor 9|TLR9]]) recognise [[pathogen-associated molecular pattern|infectious molecules]] associated with the virus.<ref name="Kuhl2012" /> On TLR activation, proteins including [[Interferon Regulatory Factor 3|interferon regulatory factor 3]] and [[Interferon regulatory factor-7|interferon regulatory factor 7]] trigger a signalling cascade that leads to the expression of [[type 1 interferon]]s.<ref name="Kuhl2012" /> The type 1 interferons are then released and bind to the [[IFNAR1]] and [[IFNAR2]] receptors expressed on the surface of a neighbouring cell.<ref name="Kuhl2012" /> Once interferon has bound to its receptors on the neighbouring cell, the signalling proteins [[STAT1]] and [[STAT2]] are activated and move to the [[Cell nucleus|cell's nucleus]].<ref name="Kuhl2012" /> This triggers the expression of [[Interferome|interferon-stimulated genes]], which code for proteins with antiviral properties.<ref name="Kuhl2012" /> EBOV's V24 protein blocks the production of these antiviral proteins by preventing the STAT1 signalling protein in the neighbouring cell from entering the nucleus.<ref name="Kuhl2012" /> The VP35 protein directly inhibits the production of interferon-beta.<ref name="Ramanan2011" /> By inhibiting these immune responses, EBOV may quickly spread throughout the body.<ref name="Chippaux2014" />
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