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Do not fill this in! ===Ad hoc infrastructure=== A range of infrastructures could be restored ad hoc quickly after a disaster using technologies. ====Communications==== The [[Government Emergency Telecommunications Service]] supports federal, state, local and tribal government personnel, industry and non-governmental organizations during a crisis or emergency by providing emergency access and priority handling for local and long-distance calls over the public switched telephone network.<ref>[[Government Emergency Telecommunications Service]] was copied from the Wikipedia article about the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service; see that article for references</ref> There is a [[Nationwide Wireless Priority Service]] that allows a user to wait for cellular bandwidth to open.<ref>[[Nationwide Wireless Priority Service]] was copied from the Wikipedia article about the Nationwide Wireless Priority Service; see that article for references</ref> [[Wireless mesh network]]s can be deployed rapidly<ref>{{cite news |last1=Decristofaro |first1=Michael A. |last2=Lansdowne |first2=Chatwin A. |last3=Schlesinger |first3=Adam M. |title=Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Network Technology Evaluation for Space Proximity and Surface Applications |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2014-1600 |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=SpaceOps 2014 Conference |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |date=2 May 2014 |doi=10.2514/6.2014-1600|isbn=978-1-62410-221-9 }}</ref> to enable Internet connectivity, substitute failed mobile phone networks and [[Emergency communication system|emergency-]] and post-disaster communication β including for disaster response coordination and emergency calls.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hodson |first1=Hal |title=When the internet dies, meet the meshnet that survives |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229653-700-when-the-internet-dies-meet-the-meshnet-that-survives/ |website=New Scientist |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Masterson |first1=Andrew |title=Meshnets serve communities when internet fails |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/meshnets-serve-communities-when-internet-fails-20140515-zrdqe.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=22 July 2021 |language=en |date=15 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A mesh network spontaneously erupts in the US and helps connect Puerto Rico |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/14/a-mesh-network-spontaneously-erupts-in-the-us-and-helps-connect-puerto-rico/ |website=TechCrunch |date=14 November 2017 |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> Mesh networks such as [[B.A.T.M.A.N.]] are often developed and deployed [[open-source]] by volunteer communities with little resources. ====Electricity==== [[Emergency power system]]s β such as mobile [[microgeneration]] units, mobile charging- and power supply-stations or specially designed or extended [[smart grid]]s<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lallanilla |first1=Marc |title=What is a Smart Grid? |url=https://www.livescience.com/41920-smart-grid.html |website=livescience.com |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=22 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering project aims at improving disaster response networks |url=https://fullcircle.asu.edu/faculty/engineering-project-aims-at-improving-disaster-response-networks/ |website=Full Circle |date=5 December 2013}}</ref> β could support important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply or restore power supply for small regions whose connections to the main power grid were cut off. ====Transportation==== The transportation infrastructure may have become unpassable due to a disaster, complicating logistics, evacuation and disaster response. Technologies may allow for quick ad hoc sufficient restoration of the transportation network or substitutions of parts of it. Such include the rapid construction of stable bridges based on mobile lightweight and/or locally sourced materials or components, which militaries have been involved in.{{additional citation needed|date=July 2021}}<ref>{{cite news |title=How the German military is helping in flood-hit areas {{!}} DW {{!}} 19.07.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-german-military-is-helping-in-flood-hit-areas/a-58319840 |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nine killed, 1,037 Thai villages affected in Nakhon Si Thammarat floods |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2020/12/04/nine-killed-1037-thai-villages-affected-in-nakhon-si-thammarat-floods |website=The Star |access-date=28 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German flood survivors emerged from homes 'like ghosts' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-flood-survivors-emerged-homes-like-ghosts-2021-07-21/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=Reuters |date=21 July 2021}}</ref> ====Waste management==== Disaster waste is often managed in an ad hoc manner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disaster Waste Management Guidelines |url=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/DWMG.pdf |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330061534/https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/DWMG.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The waste generated by a disaster can overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities and affect other response activities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Charlotte |last2=Milke |first2=Mark |last3=Seville |first3=Erica |title=Disaster waste management: A review article |journal=Waste Management |date=June 2011 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=1085β1098 |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.027|pmid=21334871 |bibcode=2011WaMan..31.1085B |hdl=10092/6199 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Depending on the type of disaster, its scope and recovery duration conventional waste may need to be managed in similar ways and both may be associated with the transportation network restoration. ====Emergency accommodation==== Accommodation in terms of emergency accommodation is sometimes considered to be an element of infrastructure. Temporary accommodation for people and animals after disasters is an issue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emergency Management in the United States |url=https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/is111_unit%204.pdf |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Temporary Emergency Accommodation (TEA) Plan |url=https://www.chde.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/9585/TemporaryEmergencyAccommodationSubPlan.pdf |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> Sometimes existing private accommodation infrastructure and logistics are repurposed for the disaster response.<ref>{{cite news |title=Volunteers rally to help German flood victims {{!}} DW {{!}} 17.07.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/volunteers-rally-to-help-german-flood-victims/a-58298987 |access-date=28 July 2021 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> ====Water supply==== Water supply, drainage and sewerage infrastructure, and the functioning of wastewater treatment plants may be disrupted by disasters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation In Extreme Weather Events |url=https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/165665/e96163.pdf |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303204444/https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/165665/e96163.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--====Health infrastructure====-->====Vaccination infrastructure==== Long-term disaster response, as well as medical infrastructure local to disaster regions with increased health risk, may include vaccination infrastructure.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leach-Kemon |first1=Katherine |last2=Graves |first2=Casey M |last3=Johnson |first3=Elizabeth K |last4=Lavado |first4=Rouselle F |last5=Hanlon |first5=Michael |last6=Haakenstad |first6=Annie |title=Vaccine resource tracking systems |journal=BMC Health Services Research |date=December 2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=421 |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-14-421 |pmid=25246005 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC4263052 |access-date=28 July 2021|pmc=4263052 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Short-term EU health preparedness for COVID-19 outbreaks |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0318 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A retrospective and prospective analysis of the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic: robust national health systems at the foundation and an empowered WHO at the apex |journal=The Lancet |date=9 May 2015 |volume=385 |issue=9980 |pages=1902β1909 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60644-4 |url= |language=en |issn=0140-6736|last1=Gostin |first1=Lawrence O. |last2=Friedman |first2=Eric A. |pmid=25987158 |s2cid=39277878 }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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