Vote buying

==== Kenya ====
Since the 1990s, Kenya has had regular multiparty elections in which vote buying has played a central role. In his article, scholar Eric Kramon states that: "According to the data gathered by the Coalition for Accountable Political Finance in Kenya, cash handouts to voters represents around 40% of the average parliamentary candidates' campaign budget, making up the largest budget item."<ref name=Kramon2016>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2016.09.006 |title=Where is vote buying effective? Evidence from a list experiment in Kenya |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=44 |page=397 |year=2016 |last1=Kramon |first1=Eric |doi-access=free}}</ref> These handouts are made in various ways including stops on the campaign trail, and at-large campaign rallies.<ref>{{cite book|title=Election Shenanigans – Kenyan Hybrid Warfare |asin=B08DMZJ893}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Election Shenanigans – Kenyan Hybrid Warfare |asin=B08DGP72MH}}</ref> "In the 2002 election, 40% of surveyed adult Kenyans reported having accepted a bribe in exchange for their vote, and 22% for the 2007 elections."<ref name=Kramon2016 />

It is noted by Kramen that access to information is a huge factor in determining the success of vote buying in Kenya. If the voters have little access to political information or lack political knowledge then they are more likely to be swayed by clientelistic reasoning.<ref name=Kramon2016 /> Moreover, if the voter does have access to information about an incumbent, then the price to sway their vote is more likely to go up. Additionally, Kramon notes that citizens of Kenya tend to value candidates who provide rewards because their ability to do so points to how great their abilities will be once they are in office.<ref name=Kramon2016 />