Translation

==== Source and target texts ====
{{see also|Source text}}
In translation, a '''[[source text]]''' ('''ST''') is a text written in a given source language which is to be, or has been, translated into another language, while a '''target text''' ('''TT''') is a translated text written in the intended target language, which is the result of a translation from a given source text. According to [[Jeremy Munday]]'s definition of translation, "the process of translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL)".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introducing Translation Studies: theories and applications (4th ed.)|last=Munday|first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Munday |publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1138912557|location=London/New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introducingtrans0004mund/page/8 8]|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingtrans0004mund/page/8}}</ref> The terms 'source text' and 'target text' are preferred over 'original' and 'translation' because they do not have the same positive vs. negative value judgment.

Translation scholars including [[Eugene Nida]] and [[Peter Newmark]] have represented the different approaches to translation as falling broadly into source-text-oriented or target-text-oriented categories.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introducing Translation Studies: theories and applications (4th ed.)|last=Munday|first=Jeremy|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1138912557|location=London/New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introducingtrans0004mund/page/67 67–74]|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingtrans0004mund/page/67}}</ref>