Rome

===Late modern and contemporary===
[[File:Breccia di Porta Pia Ademollo.jpg|thumb|[[Bersaglieri]] troops breaching the [[Aurelian Walls]] at [[Porta Pia]] during the ''[[Capture of Rome]]'' (1870), the final event of the [[Italian unification]]. Painting by [[Carlo Ademollo]].]]

The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]] (1798–1800), which was established under the influence of the [[French Revolution]]. The [[Papal States]] were restored in June 1800, but during [[Napoleon]]'s reign Rome was [[Rome (department)|annexed as a ''Département'']] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]: first as ''Département du Tibre'' (1808–1810) and then as ''Département Rome'' (1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by a decision of the [[Congress of Vienna]] of 1814.

In 1849, [[Roman Republic (19th century)|a second Roman Republic]] was proclaimed during a year of [[revolutions in 1848]]. Two of the most influential figures of the [[Italian unification]], [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], fought for the short-lived republic.

Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of Italy was united as the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861 with the temporary capital in [[Florence]]. That year Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection thanks to the foreign policy of [[Napoleon III]]. French troops were stationed in the region under Papal control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. Italian troops were able to [[Capture of Rome|capture Rome]] entering the city through a breach near [[Porta Pia]]. [[Pope Pius IX]] declared himself a [[prisoner in the Vatican]]. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |date=1911 |last1=Ott |first1=M. |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Pope Pius IX |publisher=New Advent |access-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223209/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm |archive-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> In 1870 the population of the city was 212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A significant portion lived outside the walls in the north and across the Tiber in the Vatican area.

[[File:Bombardamento di Roma.gif|thumb|right|Bombardment of Rome by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] planes, 1943]]

Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of [[Italian Fascism]] led by [[Benito Mussolini]], who led a [[March on Rome|march on the city]]. He did away with democracy by 1926, eventually declaring a new [[Imperial Italy (fascist)|Italian Empire]] and allying Italy with [[Nazi Germany]] in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cederna |first1=Antonio |title=Mussolini urbanista |date=1979 |publisher=Laterza |location=Bari |pages=passim |language=it}}</ref> The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population which surpassed one million inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II, due to the art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the [[Quartiere San Lorenzo|San Lorenzo district]] was [[Bombing of Rome in World War II|subject to Allied bombing raids]], resulting in about 3,000 fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom another 1,500 died.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baily|first=Virginia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/25/liberation-of-rome-italian-imagination|title=How the Nazi occupation of Rome has gripped Italy's cultural imagination|work=The Guardian|date=25 July 2015|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Mussolini [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|was arrested on 25 July 1943]]. On the date of the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian Armistice]] 8 September 1943 the city was occupied by the Germans.  Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was liberated on 4 June 1944.

Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "[[Italian economic miracle]]" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of ''la dolce vita'' ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'', ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'', ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' and ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' filmed in the city's iconic [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà Studios]]. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s when the ''comune'' had more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as people began to move to nearby suburbs.