Quebec Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Government and politics== {{Main|Government of Quebec|Politics of Quebec}} [[File:Quebec_City_(14765614666).jpg|thumb|The [[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Parliament Building]] in Quebec City]] Quebec is founded on the [[Westminster system]], and is both a [[liberal democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary regime]]. The head of government in Quebec is the [[Premier of Quebec|premier]] (called {{lang|fr|premier ministre}} in French), who leads the largest party in the [[unicameral]] National Assembly ({{lang|fr|AssemblĂ©e Nationale}}) from which the [[Executive Council of Quebec]] is appointed. The [[SecrĂ©tariat du Conseil du trĂ©sor (Quebec)|Conseil du trĂ©sor]] supports the ministers of the Executive Council in their function of stewardship of the state. The [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec|lieutenant governor]] represents the [[King of Canada]] and acts as the province's [[head of state]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-3.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982|date=August 7, 2020|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|title=Constitutional role|url=http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/roles-et-fonctions/role-constitutionnel-en.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210204607/http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/roles-et-fonctions/role-constitutionnel-en.html|archivedate=February 10, 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2012|publisher=Bureau du Lieutenant-gouverneur du QuĂ©bec}}</ref> Quebec has 78 [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|members of Parliament]] (MPs) in the [[House of Commons of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|date=July 29, 2019|title=DĂ©putĂ©s |publisher=Chambre des communes du Canada|url=https://www.noscommunes.ca/Parliamentarians/fr/members?currentOnly=true&province=QC.}}</ref> They are elected in federal elections. At the level of the [[Senate of Canada]], Quebec is represented by 24 senators, which are appointed on the advice of the [[prime minister of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|date=September 1, 2016|title= Liste SĂ©nateurs|url=https://sencanada.ca/fr/liste-senateurs/|publisher=SĂ©nat du Canada}}</ref> The Quebec government holds [[Administration (government)|administrative]] and [[police]] authority in its areas of [[exclusive jurisdiction]]. The Parliament of the [[43rd Quebec Legislature|43rd legislature]] is made up of the following parties: [[Coalition Avenir QuĂ©bec]] (CAQ), [[Parti libĂ©ral du QuĂ©bec]] (PLQ), [[QuĂ©bec solidaire]] (QS) and [[Parti QuĂ©bĂ©cois]] (PQ), as well as an [[National Assembly of Quebec#Current standings|independent member]]. There are [[List of political parties in Quebec|25 official political parties in Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Partis politiques |url=https://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/partis-et-autres-entites-politiques/partis-politiques/ |website=Ălections QuĂ©bec |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=fr-CA}}</ref> Quebec has a network of three offices for representing itself and defending its interests within Canada: one in Moncton for all provinces east, one in Toronto for all provinces west, and one in Ottawa for the federal government. These offices' mandate is to ensure an institutional presence of the Government of Quebec near other Canadian governments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bureaux du QuĂ©bec au Canada |url=https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/representation-quebec-canada/index.asp |accessdate=July 29, 2019 |publisher=SecrĂ©tariat du QuĂ©bec aux relations canadiennes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bureau du QuĂ©bec dans les Provinces atlantiques |url=https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/representation-quebec-canada/provinces-atlantiques/index.asp |accessdate=July 29, 2019 |publisher=SecrĂ©tariat du QuĂ©bec aux relations canadiennes}}</ref> ===Subdivisions=== {{Main|Administrative divisions of Quebec}} Quebec's territory is divided into 17 [[Regions of Quebec|administrative regions]] as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Loi sur la division territoriale (L.R.Q., c. D-11)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/D_11/D11.HTM|accessdate=February 6, 2011|publisher=Les Publications du QuĂ©bec}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DĂ©cret concernant la rĂ©vision des limites des rĂ©gions administratives du QuĂ©bec (L.R.Q., c. D-11, r.1)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=//D_11/D11R1.htm|accessdate=October 16, 2016|publisher=Les Publications du QuĂ©bec}}</ref>[[File:Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png|thumb|The [[Regions of Quebec|seventeen administrative regions]] of Quebec.]] {{Div col}} #[[Bas-Saint-Laurent]] #[[SaguenayâLac-Saint-Jean]] #[[Capitale-Nationale]] #[[Mauricie]] #[[Estrie]] #[[Urban agglomeration of Montreal|MontrĂ©al]] #[[Outaouais]] #[[Abitibi-TĂ©miscamingue]] #[[CĂŽte-Nord]] #[[Nord-du-QuĂ©bec]] #[[GaspĂ©sieâĂles-de-la-Madeleine]] #[[ChaudiĂšre-Appalaches]] #[[Laval, Quebec|Laval]] #[[LanaudiĂšre]] #[[Laurentides]] #[[MontĂ©rĂ©gie]] #[[Centre-du-QuĂ©bec]] {{End div col}} The province also has the following divisions: *4 territories ([[Abitibi County, Quebec|Abitibi]], [[Ashuanipi]], [[RiviĂšre-Mistassini, Quebec|Mistassini]] and [[Nunavik]]) which group together the lands that once formed the [[District of Ungava]] *36 [[Judicial districts of Quebec|judicial districts]] *73 {{lang|fr|circonscriptions fonciĂšres}} *125 {{ill|Electoral districts of Quebec|lt=electoral districts|fr|Circonscription Ă©lectorale du QuĂ©bec}}<ref>[[Gazette officielle du QuĂ©bec]] : Avis d'Ă©tablissement de la liste des circonscriptions Ă©lectorales (1992) 124 G.O. 2, 4373</ref> For municipal purposes, Quebec is composed of: *1,117 [[Local government in Quebec|local municipalities]] of various [[Types of municipalities in Quebec|types]]: **11 [[Urban agglomerations of Quebec|agglomerations]] ({{lang|fr|agglomĂ©rations}}) grouping 42 of these local municipalities **45 [[List of boroughs in Quebec|boroughs]] ({{lang|fr|arrondissements}}) within 8 of these local municipalities *89 [[Regional county municipality|regional county municipalities]] or RCMs ({{lang|fr|municipalitĂ©s rĂ©gionales de comtĂ©, MRC}}) *2 [[Metropolitan Community (Quebec)|metropolitan communities]] ({{lang|fr|communautĂ©s mĂ©tropolitaines}}) *the regional [[Kativik Regional Government|Kativik]] administration *the [[List of unorganized territories in Quebec|unorganised territories]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Code municipal du QuĂ©bec (L.R.Q., c. C-27.1)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2F%2FC_27_1%2FC27_1.htm|accessdate=February 6, 2011|publisher=Les Publications du QuĂ©bec}}</ref> ===Ministries and policies=== Quebec's constitution is enshrined in a series of social and cultural traditions that are defined in a set of judicial judgments and legislative documents, including the {{lang|fr|Loi sur l'AssemblĂ©e Nationale}} ("Law on the National Assembly"), the {{lang|fr|Loi sur l'Ă©xecutif}} ("Law on the Executive"), and the {{lang|fr|Loi Ă©lectorale du QuĂ©bec}} ("Electoral Law of Quebec").<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|Ăditeur officiel du QuĂ©bec]]|title=Loi Ă©lectorale (L.R.Q., c E-3.3)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/E_3_3/E3_3.html|accessdate=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Other notable examples include the [[Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms|Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms]], the [[Charter of the French language]], and the [[Civil Code of Quebec]].<ref name="CCQ2">{{cite web|date=October 28, 2011|title=Code civil du QuĂ©bec, L.R.Q.|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2FCCQ%2FCCQ.html|access-date=June 6, 2021|archive-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913110920/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Quebec's international policy is founded upon the {{ill|GĂ©rin-Lajoie doctrine|fr|Doctrine GĂ©rin-Lajoie}},<ref>{{cite web |date=April 12, 1965 |title=Allocution du ministre de l'Ăducation, M. Paul GĂ©rin-Lajoie |url=http://www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ministere/histoire_ministere/documents_archives/discours_gerin_lajoie.pdf |publisher=[[Gouvernement du QuĂ©bec]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526152449/http://www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ministere/histoire_ministere/documents_archives/discours_gerin_lajoie.pdf |archive-date=May 26, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> formulated in 1965. While Quebec's [[Ministry of International Relations (Quebec)|Ministry of International Relations]] coordinates international policy, [[Quebec Government Offices|Quebec's general delegations]] are the main interlocutors in foreign countries. Quebec is the only Canadian province that has set up a ministry to exclusively embody the state's powers for international relations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comparaison interprovinciale et analyse de l'administration publique au Canada|url=http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/fr/nav.aspx?sortcode=1.0.1.2|accessdate=July 27, 2011|publisher=L'observatoire de l'administration publique}}</ref> Since 2006, Quebec has adopted a green plan to meet the objectives of the [[Kyoto Protocol]] regarding climate change.<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|publisher=MinistĂšre du DĂ©veloppement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs du QuĂ©bec|title=Le QuĂ©bec et les changements climatiques: un dĂ©fi pour l'avenir. Plan d'action 2006-2012|url=http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/changements/plan_action/2006-2012_fr.pdf|isbn=978-2-550-53375-7}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, and Fight Against Climate Change]] (MELCC) is the primary entity responsible for the application of environmental policy. The [[SociĂ©tĂ© des Ă©tablissements de plein air du QuĂ©bec]] (SEPAQ) is the main body responsible for the management of national parks and wildlife reserves.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|title=Loi sur la SociĂ©tĂ© des Ă©tablissements de plein air du QuĂ©bec (L.R.Q., chapitre S-13.01)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=//S_13_01/S13_01.htm|accessdate=December 10, 2009}}</ref> Nearly 500,000 people took part in a climate protest on the streets of Montreal in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2, 2019|title=La "base climatosceptique" bel et bien prĂ©sente au QuĂ©bec|url=https://journalmetro.com/actualites/national/2383747/apres-la-marche-la-base-climatosceptique-bel-et-bien-presente-au-quebec/|website=Journal MĂ©tro |last=Carabin |first=François |language=fr}}</ref> Agriculture in Quebec has been subject to [[agricultural zoning]] regulations since 1978.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|title=Loi sur la protection du territoire et des activitĂ©s agricoles (L.R.Q., c. P-41.1)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/P_41_1/P41_1.html|accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref> Faced with the problem of expanding [[urban sprawl]], agricultural zones were created to ensure the protection of fertile land, which make up 2% of Quebec's total area. {{ill|Quebec's forests|fr|ForĂȘt au QuĂ©bec}} are essentially public property. The calculation of annual cutting possibilities is the responsibility of the {{lang|fr|Bureau du forestier en chef}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Forestier en chef|url=https://forestierenchef.gouv.qc.ca/|accessdate=July 30, 2019|publisher=Government of Quebec}}</ref> The [[Union des producteurs agricoles]] (UPA) seeks to protect the interests of its members, including forestry workers, and works jointly with the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Quebec)|Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] (MAPAQ) and the [[Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Quebec)|Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources]]. The {{lang|fr|MinistĂšre de l'Emploi et de la SolidaritĂ© sociale du QuĂ©bec}} has the mandate to oversee social and workforce developments through Emploi-QuĂ©bec and its local employment centres (CLE).<ref>{{cite web|title=Emploi-QuĂ©bec|url=http://emploiquebec.net/index.asp|accessdate=January 8, 2010|publisher=MinistĂšre de l'Emploi et de la SolidaritĂ© sociale}}</ref> This ministry is also responsible for managing the {{lang|fr|RĂ©gime quĂ©bĂ©cois d'assurance parentale}} (QPIP) as well as last-resort financial support for people in need. The {{ill|Commission des normes, de l'Ă©quitĂ©, de la santĂ© et de la sĂ©curitĂ© du travail|fr|Commission des normes, de l'Ă©quitĂ©, de la santĂ© et de la sĂ©curitĂ© du travail}} (CNESST) is the main body responsible for labour laws in Quebec<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|Ăditeur officiel du QuĂ©bec]]|title=Loi sur les normes du travail (L.R.Q., c. N-1.1)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/N_1_1/N1_1.html|accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref> and for enforcing agreements concluded between unions of employees and their employers.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|Ăditeur officiel du QuĂ©bec]]|title=Code du travail (L.R.Q., c. C-27)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_27/C27.HTM|accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref> [[Revenu QuĂ©bec]] is the body responsible for collecting taxes. It takes its revenue through a [[Progressive tax|progressive income tax]], a 9.975% sales tax,<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Rules for Applying the GST/HST and QST|publisher=Revenu Quebec|url=http://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/entreprises/taxes/tpstvhtvq/reglesdebase/default.aspx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807045446/http://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/entreprises/taxes/tpstvhtvq/reglesdebase/default.aspx|archivedate=August 7, 2016|accessdate=July 30, 2016}}</ref> various other provincial taxes (ex. carbon, corporate and capital gains taxes), [[Equalization payments in Canada|equalization payments]], transfer payments from other provinces, and direct payments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consolidated provincial and territorial government revenue and expenditures, by province and territory, 2009|url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/govt56b-eng.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312082028/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/govt56b-eng.htm|archivedate=March 12, 2009|publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> By some measures Quebec residents are the most taxed;<ref>{{cite web|last=Kozhaya|first=Norma|date=March 11, 2004|title=Soaking 'les riches'|url=http://www.iedm.org/fr/2427-soaking-les-riches|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214201/http://www.iedm.org/fr/2427-soaking-les-riches|archivedate=April 8, 2014|publisher=Montreal Economic Institute}}</ref> a 2012 study indicated that "Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average".<ref>{{cite news|last=Marotte|first=Bertrand|title=Quebec business taxes highest in North America|newspaper=Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/quebec-business-taxes-highest-in-north-america-study/article4618486/|url-status=live|accessdate=April 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031055451/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/quebec-business-taxes-highest-in-north-america-study/article4618486/|archivedate=October 31, 2012}}</ref> Quebec's immigration philosophy is based on the principles of pluralism and [[interculturalism]].The {{lang|fr|MinistĂšre de l'Immigration et des CommunautĂ©s culturelles du QuĂ©bec}} is responsible for the selection and integration of immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Accord Canada-QuĂ©bec relatif Ă l'immigration et Ă l'admission temporaire des aubains (Accord Gagnon-TremblayâMcDougall)|url=http://www.micc.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/divers/Accord-canada-quebec-immigration-francais.pdf|accessdate=July 30, 2019|publisher=Government of Quebec|archive-date=June 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614152839/http://www.micc.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/divers/Accord-canada-quebec-immigration-francais.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Programs favour immigrants who know French, have a low risk of becoming criminals and have in-demand skills. Quebec's health and social services network is administered by the [[Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)|Ministry of Health and Social Services]]. It is composed of 95 {{lang|fr|rĂ©seaux locaux de services}} (RLS; 'local service networks') and 18 {{lang|fr|agences de la santĂ© et des services sociaux}} (ASSS; 'health and social services agencies'). Quebec's health system is supported by the ''[[RĂ©gie de l'assurance maladie du QuĂ©bec]]'' (RAMQ) which works to maintain the accessibility of services for all citizens of Quebec.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|Ăditeur officiel du QuĂ©bec]]|title=Loi sur la RĂ©gie de l'assurance maladie du QuĂ©bec (L.R.Q., c. R-5)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/R_5/R5.html|accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref> The {{lang|fr|MinistĂšre de la Famille et des AĂźnĂ©s du QuĂ©bec}} operate {{ill|centres de la petite enfance|fr|Centre de la petite enfance}} (CPEs; 'centres for young children'). [[Education in Quebec|Quebec's education system]] is administered by the [[Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Quebec)|Ministry of Education and Higher Education]] ([[Primary school|primary]] and [[Secondary school|secondary]] schools), the {{lang|fr|MinistĂšre de l'Enseignement supĂ©rieur}} ([[CEGEP]]) and the {{lang|fr|Conseil supĂ©rieure de l'Education du QuĂ©bec}} (universities and colleges).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Les Publications du QuĂ©bec|Ăditeur officiel du QuĂ©bec]]|title=Loi sur le Conseil supĂ©rieur de l'Ă©ducation (L.R.Q., c. C-60)|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_60/C60.html|accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref> In 2012, the annual cost for postsecondary [[tuition]] was CA$2,168 (âŹ1,700)âless than half of Canada's average tuition. Part of the reason for this is that tuition fees were frozen to a relatively low level when CEGEPS were created during the Quiet Revolution. When Jean Charest's government decided in 2012 to sharply increase university fees, [[2012 Quebec student protests|students protests]] erupted.<ref>{{cite web|first=Pascale|last=Dufour|date=June 1, 2012|title=TĂ©nacitĂ© des Ă©tudiants quĂ©bĂ©cois|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/06/DUFOUR/47888|website=Le Monde diplomatique}}</ref> Because of these protests, Quebec's tuition fees remain relatively low. ===External relationships=== Quebec's closest international partner is the United States, with which it shares a long and positive history. Products of [[American culture]] like songs, movies, fashion and food strongly affect QuĂ©bĂ©cois culture. Quebec has a historied relationship with France, as Quebec was a part of the French Empire and both regions share a language. The {{ill|FĂ©dĂ©ration France-QuĂ©bec|fr|FĂ©dĂ©ration France-QuĂ©bec}} and the [[Francophonie]] are a few of the tools used for relations between Quebec and France. In [[Paris]], a {{lang|fr|place du QuĂ©bec}} was inaugurated in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=La place du QuĂ©bec Ă Paris dans toute sa splendeur|url=http://www.consulfrance-quebec.org/La-place-du-Quebec-a-Paris-dans|publisher=Consulat gĂ©nĂ©ral de France Ă QuĂ©bec|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> Quebec also has a historied relationship with the United Kingdom, having been a part of the British Empire. Quebec and the UK share the same head of state, [[King Charles III]]. Quebec has a [[Quebec Government Offices|network of 32 offices]] in 18 countries. These offices serve the purpose of representing Quebec in foreign countries and are overseen by Quebec's [[Ministry of International Relations (Quebec)|Ministry of International Relations]]. Quebec, like other Canadian provinces, also maintains representatives in some Canadian embassies and consulates general. {{As of|2019}}, the Government of Quebec had delegates-general ([[agents-general]]) in [[Brussels]], [[London]], [[Mexico City]], [[Munich]], [[New York City]], Paris and [[Tokyo]]; delegates to [[Atlanta]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Houston]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Rome]]; and offices headed by directors offering more limited services in [[Barcelona]], [[Beijing]], [[Dakar]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Mumbai]], [[SĂŁo Paulo]], [[Shanghai]], [[Stockholm]], and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. In addition, there are the equivalent of [[Consul (representative)#honorary consul|honorary consuls]], titled {{lang|fr|antennes}}, in [[Berlin]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Qingdao]], [[Seoul]], and [[Silicon Valley]]. Quebec also has a representative to [[UNESCO]] and participates in the [[Organization of American States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mrif.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ministere/representation-etranger |title=RĂ©seau des reprĂ©sentations Ă l'Ă©tranger|publisher=Government of Quebec|accessdate=September 12, 2021}}</ref> Quebec is a member of the {{lang|fr|i=no|[[AssemblĂ©e parlementaire de la Francophonie]]}} and of the {{lang|fr|i=no|[[Organisation internationale de la francophonie]]}}. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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