Phoenix, Arizona

=== Climate ===
{{main|Climate of Phoenix}}
[[File:Hummingbird Springs Wilderness (9412743529).jpg|thumb|The [[Sonoran Desert]] surrounding Phoenix]]
Phoenix has a [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen:]] ''BWh''),<ref name="ViennaKoppen"/><ref name="HESKoppen"/> typical of the [[Sonoran Desert]], and is the largest city in [[Americas|America]] in this climatic zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/phoenix-america-s-desert-metropolis/28262/|title=Phoenix: America's Desert Metropolis {{!}} Smart Cities Dive|website=www.smartcitiesdive.com|language=en-US|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters. The city is within one of the world's sunniest regions, with its [[sunshine duration]] comparable to the [[Sahara]] region. With 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/the-10-sunniest-cities-in-the-world/|title=The 10 Sunniest Cities In The World|last=Stanley|first=Courtney|date=April 25, 2016|access-date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States.<ref name=Farmers>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/ |publisher=The Farmer's Almanac |title=America's Hottest Cities |last=Weatherbee |first=Caleb |date=July 9, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2015 |archive-date=September 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917062714/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On average, there are 111 days annually with a high of at least {{convert|100|°F|0}}, including most days from the end of May through late September. Highs top {{convert|110|°F|0}} an average of 21 days during the year.<ref name = NOAA >{{cite web|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=psr|title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date = July 21, 2023}}</ref> On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of {{convert|122|°F|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix-az.knoji.com/10-alltime-hottest-weather-temperature-days-in-phoenix/ |title=10 All-Time Hottest Weather Temperature Days in Phoenix |publisher=Knoji |access-date=February 5, 2014 |last=Dorish |first=Joe}}</ref> The annual minimum temperature in Phoenix is in the mid-to-low 30s.<ref name="NOAA"/> It rarely drops to {{cvt|32|°F}} or below. Snow is rare.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix, was ranked seventh for most [[Tropospheric ozone|ozone pollution]] in the United States according to the [[American Lung Association]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/04/24/phoenix-ranked-7th-most-ozone-pollution-nation/3553111002/|title=Phoenix ranked seventh for most ozone pollution in the nation, receives 'F' on new report|last=Totiyapungprasert|first=Priscilla|date=April 24, 2019|work=The Arizona Republic|publisher=Arizona Republic}}</ref> Vehicle emissions are cited as precursors to ozone formation. Phoenix also has high levels of [[Particulates|particulate]] pollution; although, cities in California lead the nation in this hazard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=California Air Quality Report Card|url=https://www.lung.org/research/sota/city-rankings/states/california|access-date=December 29, 2021|website=www.lung.org|language=en}}</ref> PM2.5 particulate matter, which is a component of diesel engine exhaust, and larger PM10 particles, which can come from dust, can both reach concerning levels in Phoenix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lung.org/local-content/_content-items/about-us/media/press-releases/new-report-phoenix-air.html|title=New Report: Phoenix Air Quality Worsened for Pollution|website=American Lung Association|language=en|access-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref> In fact, people, pets, and other animals exposed to high concentrations of PM10 dust particles―primarily from dust storms or from disturbed agricultural or construction sites―are at risk of contracting [[Valley Fever]], a fungal lung infection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378761|title=Valley Fever|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>

Unlike most desert locations which have drastic fluctuations between day and nighttime temperatures, the [[urban heat island]] effect limits Phoenix's [[diurnal temperature variation]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Matthew|first=Rozsa|date=February 1, 2021|title=Why Phoenix may be uninhabitable by the end of this century|url=https://www.salon.com/2021/01/31/why-phoenix-may-be-uninhabitable-by-the-end-of-this-century/|access-date=February 1, 2021|magazine=Salon|language=en}}</ref> As the city has expanded, average summer low temperatures have been steadily rising. Pavement, sidewalks, and buildings store the Sun's heat and radiate it at night.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insider's Guide: Phoenix & Scottsdale |publisher=Morris Book Publishing|editor-last=Sirois|editor-first=Kevin |isbn=978-0-7627-7321-3 |edition=7th |year=2012 |page=186}}</ref> The daily normal low remains at or above {{convert|80|°F|0}} for an average of 74 days per summer.<ref name = NOAA/> On July 19, 2023, Phoenix set its record for the warmest daily low temperature, at {{convert|97|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref name = NOAA/>

[[File:PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=photo of a dust storm, called a haboob, sweeping in over the city of Phoenix|A 2011 [[haboob]]]]

The city averages approximately 300 days of sunshine, or over 85% of daylight hours, per year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart1.htm |publisher=Arizona State University |title=Abstract on the Climate of Phoenix |first=Harold |last=Bulk |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119101009/http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart1.htm |archive-date=January 19, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/relocation/valley101/weather.html
 |newspaper=Arizona Republic
 |title=Weather in the desert covers the spectrum
 |access-date=March 20, 2016
|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516044129/http://archive.azcentral.com/relocation/valley101/weather.html
 |archive-date=May 16, 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and receives scant rainfall―the average annual total at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is {{convert|7.22|in|mm|abbr=on}}. The region's trademark dry and sunny weather is interrupted by sporadic Pacific storms in the winter and the arrival of the [[North American monsoon]] in the summer.<ref name="BATTG19">{{Cite journal|last=Battaglia|first=Steven M.|date=November 1, 2019|title=No Fairy Tale Ending: The Future of Water and the American Southwest|journal=[[Weatherwise]]|volume=72|issue=6|pages=36–43|doi=10.1080/00431672.2019.1659034|bibcode=2019Weawi..72f..36B |s2cid=214466152|issn=0043-1672}}</ref> Historically, the monsoon officially started when the average [[dew point]] was {{convert|55|°F|0}} for three days in a row—typically occurring in early July. To increase monsoon awareness and promote safety, however, the National Weather Service decreed that starting in 2008, June 15 would be the official "first day" of the monsoon, and it would end on September 30.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoenix.about.com/od/weather/a/monsoontrivia.htm |title=Phoenix Monsoon Facts |publisher=phoenix.about.com |access-date=February 5, 2014 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201736/http://phoenix.about.com/od/weather/a/monsoontrivia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> When active, the monsoon raises humidity levels and can cause heavy localized precipitation, flash floods, hail, destructive winds, and [[Dust storm#Dust storm visibility of ¼ mile or less, or meters or less|dust storms]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.researchhistory.org/2011/07/08/worst-dust-storm-in-arizona-history/ |title=Sweeping Dust Storm in Arizona History |date=July 8, 2011 |publisher=Research History |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref>—which can rise to the level of a [[haboob]] in some years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/haboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html |work=HuffPost |title=Haboob Alert! Giant Dust Storms Engulf Phoenix Area, Leaving Thousands Without Power |first=Dominique |last=Mosbergen |date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161828/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/haboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Phoenix weatherbox}}