Original sin

===The Protestant Reformation===
[[Martin Luther]] (1483–1546) asserted that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception. The second article in [[Lutheranism]]'s [[Augsburg Confession]] presents its doctrine of original sin in summary form:
{{blockquote|It is also taught among us that since the fall of Adam all men who are born according to the course of nature are conceived and born in sin. That is, all men are full of evil lust and inclinations from their mothers' wombs and are unable by nature to have true fear of God and true faith in God. Moreover, this inborn sickness and hereditary sin is truly sin and condemns to the eternal wrath of God all those who are not born again through Baptism and the Holy Spirit. Rejected in this connection are the [[Pelagianism|Pelagians]] and others who deny that original sin is sin, for they hold that natural man is made righteous by his own powers, thus disparaging the sufferings and merit of Christ.<ref>Theodore G. Tappert, ''The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church'', (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1959), 29.</ref>}}

Luther, however, also agreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine of the [[Immaculate Conception]] (that Mary was conceived free from original sin) by saying:
{{blockquote|[Mary] is full of grace, proclaimed to be entirely without sin. God's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil. God is with her, meaning that all she did or left undone is divine and the action of God in her. Moreover, God guarded and protected her from all that might be hurtful to her.<ref>Luther's Works, American edition, vol. 43, p. 40, ed. H. Lehmann, Fortress, 1968</ref>}}

Protestant [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]] [[John Calvin]] (1509–1564) developed a [[systematic theology]] of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s notion of original sin. Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception. This inherently sinful nature (the basis for the [[Calvinism|Calvinistic]] doctrine of "[[total depravity]]") results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities. Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam's fall, but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race, all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his [[Imputation of sin|sin by imputation]]. [[Redemption (religious)|Redemption]] by Jesus Christ is the only remedy.

John Calvin defined original sin in his ''[[Institutes of the Christian Religion]]'' as follows:
{{blockquote|Original sin, therefore, seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature, diffused into all parts of the soul, which first makes us liable to God's wrath, then also brings forth in us those works that Scripture calls "works of the flesh" (Gal 5:19). And that is properly what Paul often calls sin. The works that come forth from it – such as adulteries, fornications, thefts, hatreds, murders, carousings – he accordingly calls "fruits of sin" ({{abbr|Gal|Galatians}} 5:19–21), although they are also commonly called "sins" in Scripture, and even by Paul himself.<ref>John Calvin, ''The Institutes of the Christian Religion'', II.1.8, LCC, 2 vols., trans. Ford Lewis Battles, ed. John T. McNeill (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), 251 (p. 217 of CCEL edition). Cf. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.html ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''] at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]</ref>}}
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