New Zealand

===Infrastructure===
In 2015, [[Renewable energy in New Zealand|renewable energy]] generated 40.1% of [[Energy in New Zealand|New Zealand's gross energy]] supply.<ref name="Energy2015">{{cite report |title=Energy in New Zealand 2016 |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] |date=September 2016 |issn=2324-5913 |page=47 |url= http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand/energy-in-nz-2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170503234030/http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/energy/energy-data-modelling/publications/energy-in-new-zealand/energy-in-nz-2016.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> The majority of the country's [[Electricity sector in New Zealand|electricity supply]] is generated from [[Hydroelectric power in New Zealand|hydroelectric power]], with major schemes on the [[Waikato River|Waikato]], [[Waitaki River|Waitaki]] and [[Clutha River / Mata-Au|Clutha / Mata-Au]] rivers, as well as at [[Manapouri Power Station|Manapouri]]. [[Geothermal power in New Zealand|Geothermal power]] is also a significant generator of electricity, with several large stations located across the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the North Island. The four main companies in the generation and retail market are [[Contact Energy]], [[Genesis Energy Limited|Genesis Energy]], [[Mercury Energy]] and [[Meridian Energy]]. State-owned [[Transpower New Zealand|Transpower]] operates the high-voltage transmission grids in the North and South Islands, as well as the [[HVDC Inter-Island|Inter-Island HVDC link]] connecting the two together.<ref name="Energy2015" />

The provision of [[water supply and sanitation in New Zealand|water supply and sanitation]] is generally of good quality. Regional authorities provide water abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix 1: Technical information about drinking water supply in the eight local authorities |url=http://www.oag.govt.nz/2010/water/part1.htm |publisher=Office of the Auditor-General |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917025934/http://www.oag.govt.nz/2010/water/part1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Water supply |url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/water/ |publisher=Greater Wellington Regional Council |access-date=2 September 2016 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015232/http://www.gw.govt.nz/water |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Air New Zealand, Boeing 787-9 ZK-NZE 'All Blacks' NRT (27091961041).jpg|thumb|left|A [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787–9 Dreamliner]] of [[Air New Zealand]], the flag carrier of New Zealand|alt=A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark.]]
[[Transport in New Zealand|New Zealand's transport]] network comprises {{convert|94000|km|mi|-1}} of roads, including {{convert|199|km|mi|0}} of motorways,<ref>{{cite web |title=State highway frequently asked questions |url=http://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ |publisher=[[NZ Transport Agency]] |access-date=28 April 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507225945/https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and {{convert|4128|km|mi|0}} of railway lines.<ref name="CIA" /> Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.<ref>{{cite book |first=Adrian |last=Humphris |chapter=Public transport – Passenger trends |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=April 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/public-transport/8 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120183655/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/public-transport/8 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Rail transport in New Zealand|railways]] were privatised in 1993 but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise [[KiwiRail]] now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington, which are operated by [[Auckland One Rail]] and [[Transdev Wellington]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book |first=Neill |last=Atkinson |chapter=Railways – Rail transformed |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=November 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/railways/11 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120195420/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/railways/11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.<ref>{{cite book |first=Neill |last=Atkinson |chapter=Railways – Freight transport |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |date=April 2010 |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/railways/6 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013535/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/railways/6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The road and rail networks in the two main islands are linked by [[roll-on/roll-off]] ferries between Wellington and [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]], operated by [[Interislander]] (part of KiwiRail) and [[StraitNZ|Bluebridge]]. Most international visitors arrive via air.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Documents/International%20Market%20Profiles/Total%20Profile.pdf|title=International Visitors|date=June 2009|publisher=[[Ministry of Economic Development (New Zealand)|Ministry of Economic Development]]|access-date=30 January 2011|archive-date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173709/http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Documents/International%20Market%20Profiles/Total%20Profile.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> New Zealand has [[List of airports in New Zealand|four international airports]]: [[Auckland Airport|Auckland]], [[Christchurch Airport|Christchurch]], [[Queenstown Airport|Queenstown]] and [[Wellington Airport|Wellington]]; however, only Auckland and Christchurch offer non-stop flights to countries other than Australia or Fiji.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentPage____9038.aspx#P5641_412038 |publisher=Ministry of Economic Development |work=Infrastructure Stocktake: Infrastructure Audit |title=10. Airports |date=December 2005 |access-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100522203825/http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentPage____9038.aspx |archive-date=22 May 2010}}</ref>

The [[New Zealand Post Office]] had a monopoly over [[telecommunications in New Zealand]] until 1987 when [[Spark New Zealand|Telecom New Zealand]] was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.<ref name="Wilson2010">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=A. C. |chapter=Telecommunications – Telecom |chapter-url=https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/telecommunications/page-6 |title=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=11 August 2017 |date=March 2010 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055436/https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/telecommunications/page-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chorus Limited|Chorus]], which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |title=Telecom separation |url= http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/technology-communications/communications/previous-reviews-and-consultations/telecom-separation |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] |access-date=11 August 2017 |date=14 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055739/http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/technology-communications/communications/previous-reviews-and-consultations/telecom-separation |archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.<ref name="Wilson2010" /> A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable [[fibre to the premises]], branded as [[Ultra-Fast Broadband]], began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mbie.govt.nz/science-and-technology/it-communications-and-broadband/fast-broadband/broadband-and-mobile-programmes/ |title=Broadband and mobile programmes |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] |work=MBIE.Govt.nz |access-date=11 August 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134555/https://www.mbie.govt.nz/science-and-technology/it-communications-and-broadband/fast-broadband/broadband-and-mobile-programmes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, the United Nations [[International Telecommunication Union]] ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |title=2017 Global ICT Development Index |url=http://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/ |publisher=[[International Telecommunication Union]] |access-date=18 September 2018 |date=2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920191221/http://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/ |url-status=live }}</ref>