New York City Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Geography == {{Main|Geography of New York City|Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary}} [[File:Core_of_New_York_City_by_Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Aerial view of the [[New York metropolitan area|New York City metropolitan area]] with Manhattan at its center]] New York City is situated in the [[northeastern United States]], in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Boston]]. Its location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. During the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large [[ice sheet]].<ref name="JacksonKeller2010a">{{cite book |first1 = Kenneth T. |last1 = Jackson |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT2384 |title = The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition |first2 = Lisa |last2 = Keller |first3 = Nancy |last3 = Flood |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-300-18257-6 |page = 2384 }}</ref> The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action left [[bedrock]] at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.<ref>{{cite web |title = Remnants of an Ice Age, The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its Journey |url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/geology |access-date = August 8, 2015 |publisher = [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] }}</ref> The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into [[New York Bay]]. Between New York City and [[Troy, New York]], the river is an [[estuary]].<ref>{{cite web |title = The Hudson River Estuary |url = http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |access-date = August 20, 2011 |website = Life.bio.sunysb.edu |publisher = [[Stony Brook University]] |archive-date = June 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170604154033/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> The Hudson River separates the city from the New Jersey. The East River—a [[tidal strait]]—flows from [[Long Island Sound]] and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The [[Harlem River]], another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The [[Bronx River]], which flows through the Bronx and [[Westchester County]], is the only entirely [[fresh water|freshwater]] river in the city.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last = Berger |first = Joseph |date = July 19, 2010 |title = Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html |access-date = July 21, 2010 }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=July 2023}} The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable [[land reclamation]] along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as [[Battery Park City]] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |last = Gillespie |first = Angus K. |url = https://archive.org/details/twintowerslifeof00gill |title = Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]] |year = 1999 |isbn = 978-0-7838-9785-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/twintowerslifeof00gill/page/71 71] |url-access = registration }}</ref> Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |last = Lopate |first = Phillip |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QR69izwr9dcC |title = Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan |publisher = Anchor Press |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-385-49714-5 }}</ref> The city's total area is {{convert|468.484|sqmi}}. {{convert|302.643|sqmi|abbr=on}} of the city is land and {{convert|165.841|sqmi|abbr=on}} of it is water.<ref name="CensusGazetteer">[http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2010_place_list_36.txt New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved February 9, 2017.</ref><ref name="NYT Land Estimate">{{cite news |last = Roberts |first = Sam |date = May 22, 2008 |title = It's Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html |access-date = May 22, 2008 }}</ref> The highest point in the city is [[Todt Hill]] on Staten Island, which, at {{convert|409.8|ft}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]], is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of [[Maine]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Lundrigan |first = Margaret |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-p4lHNbJfE8C |title = Staten Island: Isle of the Bay |publisher = [[Arcadia Publishing]] |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-7385-2443-6 |page = 10 }}</ref> The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in [[woodland]]s as part of the [[Staten Island Greenbelt]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Howard |first = David |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfCcxk4OcwkC |title = Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City |publisher = [[W.W. Norton & Company]] |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-393-32212-5 |page = 35 }}</ref> === Boroughs === {{main|Boroughs of New York City|Neighborhoods in New York City}} [[File:5_Boroughs_Labels_New_York_City_Map.svg|alt=A map showing five boroughs in different colors.|thumb|{{legend|#4DAF4A|1. [[Manhattan]]}}{{legend|#FFFF33|2. [[Brooklyn]]}}{{legend|#FF7F00|3. [[Queens]]}}{{legend|#E41A1C|4. [[The Bronx]]}}{{legend|#984EA3|5. [[Staten Island]]}}]] {{nowrap|New York City}} is sometimes referred to collectively as the ''Five Boroughs''.<ref>{{Cite web |date = October 7, 2017 |title = The Five Boroughs of the City of New York: A Brief Historical Description |url = http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_5_boros_historical_descrip__article00598.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007144725/http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_5_boros_historical_descrip__article00598.htm |url-status = dead |publisher = The History Box |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |access-date = July 10, 2020 }}</ref> Each borough is coextensive with a respective [[Administrative divisions of New York (state)#County|county]] of New York State, making New York City one of the [[List of U.S. municipalities in multiple counties|U.S. municipalities in multiple counties]]. Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's [[skyscraper]]s, and is sometimes locally known as ''The City''.<ref name="ManhattanTheCity">{{cite web |first = Jen |last = Carlson |date = May 21, 2012 |title = Do You Refer To Manhattan As "The City"? |url = http://gothamist.com/2012/05/21/do_you_refer_to_manhattan_as_the_ci.php |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025130428/http://gothamist.com/2012/05/21/do_you_refer_to_manhattan_as_the_ci.php |archive-date = October 25, 2016 |access-date = August 20, 2017 |publisher = [[Gothamist]] }}</ref> Manhattan's population density of {{Convert|70,450.8|PD/sqmi}} in 2022 makes it the [[County statistics of the United States#Population density|highest of any county in the United States]] and [[List of United States cities by population density#New York City boroughs|higher than the density of any individual American city]].<ref name=CensusDensity2022/> Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and [[financial center]] of New York City and contains the [[headquarters]] of many major [[multinational corporation]]s, the [[United Nations headquarters]], Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.<ref>{{cite news |author = Barry, Dan |date = October 11, 2001 |title = A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/11/nyregion/nation-challenged-new-york-new-york-carries-but-test-its-grit-has-just-begun.html |access-date = March 27, 2016 |quote = A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Sorrentino, Christopher |date = September 16, 2007 |title = When He Was Seventeen |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/nyregion/thecity/16toug.html |access-date = March 27, 2016 |quote = In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world. }}</ref> [[Brooklyn]] (Kings County), on the western tip of [[Long Island]], is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, [[List of Brooklyn neighborhoods|distinct neighborhoods]], and a distinctive architectural heritage. [[Downtown Brooklyn]] is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including [[Coney Island]], established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the U.S.<ref>{{cite book |last = Immerso |first = Michael |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC |title = Coney Island: The People's Playground |publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]] |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-8135-3138-0 |page = 3 }}</ref> [[Marine Park (Brooklyn park)|Marine Park]] and [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]] are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news |last = Hughes |first = C.J. |date = August 17, 2016 |title = Marine Park, Brooklyn: Block Parties, Bocce and Salt Air |website = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/realestate/marine-park-brooklyn-block-parties-bocce-and-salt-air.html |access-date = October 29, 2017 |quote = The neighborhood of Marine Park, a compact enclave in southeast Brooklyn, has a major claim to fame. It sits next to the borough's largest park, Marine Park }}</ref> Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of [[entrepreneurship]] and [[high tech]]nology [[Startup company|startup firms]],<ref>{{cite web |date = October 19, 2015 |title = 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Startup Hotspot |url = https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/brooklyn-hot-startup-list-investments/ |access-date = August 27, 2017 |publisher = [[CB Insights]] }}</ref><ref name="BrooklynDesignHub">{{cite news |first = Vanessa |last = Friedman |date = April 30, 2016 |title = Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/brooklyn-wearables-revolution.html |access-date = August 27, 2017 }}</ref> and of [[postmodern art]] and design.<ref name="BrooklynDesignHub" /><ref name="BrooklynArt1">{{cite news |first = Alexandria |last = Symonds |date = April 29, 2016 |title = One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html |access-date = August 27, 2017 }}</ref> Brooklyn is also home to [[Fort Hamilton]], the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military's]] only active duty installation within New York City,<ref>{{cite web |title = Military Bases in the Continental United States |url = http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110902235300/http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF |archive-date = September 2, 2011 |access-date = February 20, 2012 |publisher = [[Nps.gov]] |url-status = dead }}</ref> aside from [[U.S. Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a [[artillery battery|battery]] used during the [[American Revolution]], and it is one of America's longest-serving military forts.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&q=encyclopedia+of+new+york |title = The History of New York City|edition=2nd |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-300-11465-2 |editor1-last = Jackson |editor1-first = Kenneth T. |page = 30 }}</ref> [[Queens]] (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most [[Ethnic diversity|ethnically diverse]] county in the United States,<ref name="queensdiverse">{{cite news |last = O'Donnell |first = Michelle |date = July 4, 2006 |title = In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th ... |work = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html |access-date = July 20, 2014 }}</ref> and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.<ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld1">{{cite news |first1 = Christine |last1 = Kim |title = Queens, New York, Sightseeing |newspaper = [[USA Today]] |url = http://traveltips.usatoday.com/queens-new-york-sightseeing-107156.html |access-date = March 20, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="QueensMostDiverseWorld2">{{cite web |first = Andrew |last = Weber |date = April 30, 2013 |title = Queens |url = http://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/queens-72876/ |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150513065643/http://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/queens-72876/ |archive-date = May 13, 2015 |access-date = March 20, 2016 |publisher = NewYork.com }}</ref> Queens is the site of the [[Citi Field]], home of the [[New York Mets]], and hosts the annual [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open tennis tournament]] at the [[USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center]] in [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]], with [[New York City FC stadium|plans to build a soccer-specific stadium]] to be built for [[New York City FC]].<ref>[https://abc7ny.com/metropolitan-park-casino-nyc-new-york-mets/14021998/ "Mets owner Steve Cohen proposes $8 billion casino complex at Citi Field"], [[WABC-TV]], November 7, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The property surrounding Citi Field is home to Flushing Corona Park, the U.S. Open Tennis Center, and a planned soccer stadium for New York City FC."</ref> Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] and [[LaGuardia Airport]], are in Queens.<ref>Rizzo, Cailey. [https://www.travelandleisure.com/airlines-airports/new-york-city-airports "What to Know About NYC Airports Before Your Next Trip; New York City has three major airports, so which should you choose? Here's everything you need to know before booking your flight."], ''[[Travel and Leisure]]'', January 10, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "NYC's main airport, John F. Kennedy International, is in Queens. It's the largest and busiest of the three major airports serving the city, seeing more than 55 million passengers per year.... LaGuardia is the smallest of the NYC area's three major airports but has been called the most efficient in the world. It's located in Queens, about 10 miles north of JFK, and is most accessible from Queens, Manhattan's Upper East Side, the Bronx, and northern Brooklyn."</ref> [[The Bronx]] (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough and the only one that is mostly on the [[U.S. mainland]]. It is the location of [[Yankee Stadium]], the baseball park of the [[New York Yankees]], and home to the largest [[Housing cooperative|cooperatively-owned housing]] complex in the United States, [[Co-op City, Bronx|Co-op City]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Frazier |first = Ian |date = June 26, 2006 |title = Utopia, the Bronx |magazine = [[The New Yorker]] |url = https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier |access-date = September 1, 2008 }}</ref> It is home to the [[Bronx Zoo]], the world's largest metropolitan zoo,<ref name="BronxZoo">{{cite web |title = Animals & Exhibits |url = http://www.bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150114073313/http://bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx |archive-date = January 14, 2015 |access-date = March 20, 2016 |work = [[Bronx Zoo]] |publisher = [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] }}</ref> which spans {{convert|265|acre|km2}} and houses more than 6,000 animals.<ref>{{cite book |last = Ward |first = Candace |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuWKuHbWnvIC |title = New York City Museum Guide |publisher = [[Dover Publications]] |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-486-41000-5 |page = 72 }}</ref> The Bronx is the birthplace of [[hip hop music]] and its associated [[hip hop culture|culture]].<ref name="Toop-1992">{{cite book |last = Toop |first = David |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9KuRQgAACAAJ |title = Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop |publisher = [[Serpent's Tail]] |year = 1992 |isbn = 978-1-85242-243-1 }}</ref> [[Pelham Bay Park]] is the largest park in New York City, at {{convert|2772|acre|ha}}.<ref name="nyt20130601">{{cite news |author = Foderaro, Lisa W. |date = May 31, 2013 |title = How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/nyregion/surveying-effort-alters-sizes-of-some-new-york-parks.html |access-date = May 31, 2013 }}</ref> [[Staten Island]] (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]], and to Manhattan by way of the free [[Staten Island Ferry]]. In central Staten Island, the [[Staten Island Greenbelt]] spans approximately {{convert|2500|acres|km2|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|28|mi|km}} of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title = Staten Island Greenbelt |url = http://www.nynjtc.org/park/staten-island-greenbelt |access-date = October 28, 2010 |website = NYNJTC.org |publisher = [[New York–New Jersey Trail Conference]] }}</ref> Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks. === Climate === {{main|Climate of New York City}} {{climate chart | New York | 27.9 | 39.5 | 3.64 | 29.5 | 42.2 | 3.19 | 35.8 | 49.9 | 4.29 | 45.5 | 61.8 | 4.09 | 55.0 | 70.8 | 3.96 | 64.4 | 79.7 | 4.54 | 70.1 | 84.9 | 4.60 | 68.9 | 83.3 | 4.56 | 62.3 | 76.2 | 4.31 | 51.4 | 64.5 | 4.38 | 42.0 | 54.0 | 3.58 | 33.8 | 44.3 | 4.38 | units = imperial | float = right | clear = right | source = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" }} Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], New York City has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and [[humid continental climate]]s (Dfa).<ref name="Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A">{{cite web |last1 = Peel |first1 = M.C. |last2 = Finlayson |first2 = B.L. |last3 = McMahon |first3 = T.A |title = World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url = https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113015116/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Koppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |archive-date = January 13, 2015 |access-date = April 26, 2013 |publisher = [[The University of Melbourne]] }}</ref><ref name="newyorkpolonia.com">{{cite web |title = New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York |url = http://www.newyorkpolonia.com/index.php?sitelg=en&p=localinfo |access-date = April 26, 2013 |publisher = NewYorkPolonia.com }}</ref> The city receives an average of {{convert|49.5|in|sigfig=3}} of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averages [[Climate of New York City#Other phenomena|over 2,500 hours of sunshine]] annually.<ref name=NYCSunshine>{{cite web|title=Average monthly hours of sunshine in New York City (NY)|url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-hours-Sunshine,New-York,United-States-of-America#google_vignette|publisher=World Weather & Climate Information|access-date=January 1, 2024|quote=On average, the total annual amount of sun is 2540 hours.}}</ref> Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow [[sea breeze]]s offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the [[Appalachian Mountains]] keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes.<ref>[http://www.climateandweather.com/weather-in-new-york Weather in New York], Climate and Weather. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Sprawling across three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River in the north-eastern United States, New York City's climate benefits from the warm Gulf Stream of the Atlantic Ocean. This, coupled with the protection of the Appalachian Mountains inland, keep the city warmer than other big American cities at similar latitudes."</ref> The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is {{convert|33.3|°F|1}}.<ref name="NOAA txt">{{cite web |title = New York, NY |url = http://w2.weather.gov/climate/local_data.php?wfo=okx |publisher = United States [[National Weather Service]] |access-date = July 30, 2022 }}</ref> Temperatures usually drop to {{convert|10|°F|0}} several times per winter,<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web |title = The Climate of New York |url = http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080412104922/http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html |archive-date = April 12, 2008 |access-date = July 6, 2012 |publisher = [[Cornell University]] }}</ref> yet can also reach {{convert|60|°F}} for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of {{convert|77.5|°F|1}} in July.<ref name="NOAA txt" /> Nighttime temperatures are {{Convert|9.5|F-change}} degrees higher for the average city resident due to the [[urban heat island]] effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings.<ref>Maldonando, Samantha. [https://www.thecity.nyc/2023/07/26/heat-island-hot-map-temperature/ "How Much Hotter Is NYC's Heat Island Effect Making Your Neighborhood?"], [[The City (website)|The City]], July 26, 2023. Accessed December 30, 2023. "The city as a whole feels about 9.5 degrees hotter for the average New Yorker. That's thanks to the human-made surroundings that define the cityscape: tall buildings that limit air circulation, abundant asphalt and pavement and the heat-generating things New Yorkers do fairly close to one another, like running appliances and driving."</ref> Daytime temperatures exceed {{convert|90|°F|0}} on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed {{convert|100|°F|0}}, although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012.<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" >{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = May 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224841/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = noaasun>{{cite web|title=New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Weather Atlas NYC">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/new-york-climate |title=New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}</ref> Similarly, readings of {{convert|0|°F|0}} are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.weather2000.com/NY_Cold.html |title = Days below 0 °F in New York City |publisher = Weather 2000 |access-date = June 24, 2021 }}</ref> Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|106|°F|0}}, recorded on July 9, 1936, down to {{convert|−15|°F|0}} on February 9, 1934;<ref name="NOAA txt" /> the coldest recorded wind chill was {{convert|−37|°F|0}} on the same day as the all-time record low.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Pollak |first = Michael |date = January 10, 2014 |title = Determining New York City's Record Wind Chill |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/nyregion/determining-new-york-citys-record-wind-chill.html |access-date = November 5, 2021 }}</ref> Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was {{convert|29.8|in|cm|0}}; this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was {{convert|2|°F|0}} on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was {{convert|87|°F|0}}, on July 2, 1903.<ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA" /> The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from {{convert|39.7|°F|1}} in February to {{convert|74.1|°F|1}} in August.<ref>{{cite web |title = New York City Sea Temperature—United States—Sea Temperatures |url = https://www.seatemperature.org/north-america/united-states/new-york-city.htm |website = World Sea Temperatures |access-date = November 5, 2021 }}</ref> [[Hurricane]]s and [[tropical storm]]s are rare in the New York area.<ref>{{cite news |last = Dolnick |first = Sam |date = August 28, 2011 |title = Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York—Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irene-lash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all |access-date = November 5, 2021 }}</ref> Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive [[storm surge]] to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.<ref>{{cite web |date = October 29, 2012 |title = Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast |url = http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |access-date = January 22, 2013 |publisher = [[CNN]] |archive-date = January 20, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130120072118/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/29/hurricane-sandy-strengthens-to-85-mph/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing [[seawall]]s and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2>{{cite web |last = Eshelman |first = Robert S. |date = November 15, 2012 |title = Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form |url = http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082031/http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059972561 |archive-date = July 2, 2015 |access-date = July 23, 2015 |publisher = [[Environment & Energy Publishing]], LLC |url-status = dead }}</ref>{{Weather box | name = New York City weatherbox | location = New York ([[Belvedere Castle]], [[Central Park]]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020}} extremes 1869–present{{efn|Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/centralpark/highlights/11956 Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks]</ref>}} | single line = Y | Jan record high F = 72 | Feb record high F = 78 | Mar record high F = 86 | Apr record high F = 96 | May record high F = 99 | Jun record high F = 101 | Jul record high F = 106 | Aug record high F = 104 | Sep record high F = 102 | Oct record high F = 94 | Nov record high F = 84 | Dec record high F = 75 | year record high F = 106 <!-- To calculate avg record high, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, max temp as variable, and daily maximum under summary and values are obtained under "mean" -->| Jan avg record high F = 60.4 | Feb avg record high F = 60.7 | Mar avg record high F = 70.3 | Apr avg record high F = 82.9 | May avg record high F = 88.5 | Jun avg record high F = 92.1 | Jul avg record high F = 95.7 | Aug avg record high F = 93.4 | Sep avg record high F = 89.0 | Oct avg record high F = 79.7 | Nov avg record high F = 70.7 | Dec avg record high F = 62.9 | year avg record high F = 97.0 | Jan high F = 39.5 | Feb high F = 42.2 | Mar high F = 49.9 | Apr high F = 61.8 | May high F = 71.4 | Jun high F = 79.7 | Jul high F = 84.9 | Aug high F = 83.3 | Sep high F = 76.2 | Oct high F = 64.5 | Nov high F = 54.0 | Dec high F = 44.3 | year high F = 62.6 | Jan mean F = 33.7 | Feb mean F = 35.9 | Mar mean F = 42.8 | Apr mean F = 53.7 | May mean F = 63.2 | Jun mean F = 72.0 | Jul mean F = 77.5 | Aug mean F = 76.1 | Sep mean F = 69.2 | Oct mean F = 57.9 | Nov mean F = 48.0 | Dec mean F = 39.1 | year mean F = 55.8 | Jan low F = 27.9 | Feb low F = 29.5 | Mar low F = 35.8 | Apr low F = 45.5 | May low F = 55.0 | Jun low F = 64.4 | Jul low F = 70.1 | Aug low F = 68.9 | Sep low F = 62.3 | Oct low F = 51.4 | Nov low F = 42.0 | Dec low F = 33.8 | year low F = 48.9 <!-- To calculate avg record low, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, min as variable, and daily minium under summary and values are obtained under "mean" -->| Jan avg record low F = 9.8 | Feb avg record low F = 12.7 | Mar avg record low F = 19.7 | Apr avg record low F = 32.8 | May avg record low F = 43.9 | Jun avg record low F = 52.7 | Jul avg record low F = 61.8 | Aug avg record low F = 60.3 | Sep avg record low F = 50.2 | Oct avg record low F = 38.4 | Nov avg record low F = 27.7 | Dec avg record low F = 18.0 | year avg record low F = 7.7 | Jan record low F = −6 | Feb record low F = −15 | Mar record low F = 3 | Apr record low F = 12 | May record low F = 32 | Jun record low F = 44 | Jul record low F = 52 | Aug record low F = 50 | Sep record low F = 39 | Oct record low F = 28 | Nov record low F = 5 | Dec record low F = −13 | year record low F = -15 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation inch = 3.64 | Feb precipitation inch = 3.19 | Mar precipitation inch = 4.29 | Apr precipitation inch = 4.09 | May precipitation inch = 3.96 | Jun precipitation inch = 4.54 | Jul precipitation inch = 4.60 | Aug precipitation inch = 4.56 | Sep precipitation inch = 4.31 | Oct precipitation inch = 4.38 | Nov precipitation inch = 3.58 | Dec precipitation inch = 4.38 | year precipitation inch = 49.52 | Jan snow inch = 8.8 | Feb snow inch = 10.1 | Mar snow inch = 5.0 | Apr snow inch = 0.4 | May snow inch = 0.0 | Jun snow inch = 0.0 | Jul snow inch = 0.0 | Aug snow inch = 0.0 | Sep snow inch = 0.0 | Oct snow inch = 0.1 | Nov snow inch = 0.5 | Dec snow inch = 4.9 | year snow inch = 29.8 | unit precipitation days = 0.01 in | Jan precipitation days = 10.8 | Feb precipitation days = 10.0 | Mar precipitation days = 11.1 | Apr precipitation days = 11.4 | May precipitation days = 11.5 | Jun precipitation days = 11.2 | Jul precipitation days = 10.5 | Aug precipitation days = 10.0 | Sep precipitation days = 8.8 | Oct precipitation days = 9.5 | Nov precipitation days = 9.2 | Dec precipitation days = 11.4 | year precipitation days = 125.4 | unit snow days = 0.1 in | Jan snow days = 3.7 | Feb snow days = 3.2 | Mar snow days = 2.0 | Apr snow days = 0.2 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.0 | Nov snow days = 0.2 | Dec snow days = 2.1 | year snow days = 11.4 | humidity colour = green | Jan humidity = 61.5 | Feb humidity = 60.2 | Mar humidity = 58.5 | Apr humidity = 55.3 | May humidity = 62.7 | Jun humidity = 65.2 | Jul humidity = 64.2 | Aug humidity = 66.0 | Sep humidity = 67.8 | Oct humidity = 65.6 | Nov humidity = 64.6 | Dec humidity = 64.1 | year humidity = 63.0 | Jan sun = 162.7 | Feb sun = 163.1 | Mar sun = 212.5 | Apr sun = 225.6 | May sun = 256.6 | Jun sun = 257.3 | Jul sun = 268.2 | Aug sun = 268.2 | Sep sun = 219.3 | Oct sun = 211.2 | Nov sun = 151.0 | Dec sun = 139.0 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 54 | Feb percentsun = 55 | Mar percentsun = 57 | Apr percentsun = 57 | May percentsun = 57 | Jun percentsun = 57 | Jul percentsun = 59 | Aug percentsun = 63 | Sep percentsun = 59 | Oct percentsun = 61 | Nov percentsun = 51 | Dec percentsun = 48 | year percentsun = 57 | Jan dew point C = −7.8 | Feb dew point C = −7.2 | Mar dew point C = −3.4 | Apr dew point C = 1.1 | May dew point C = 8.5 | Jun dew point C = 14.1 | Jul dew point C = 16.6 | Aug dew point C = 16.7 | Sep dew point C = 13.1 | Oct dew point C = 6.7 | Nov dew point C = 1.1 | Dec dew point C = −4.1 | year dew point C = 4.6 | Jan uv = 2 | Feb uv = 3 | Mar uv = 4 | Apr uv = 6 | May uv = 7 | Jun uv = 8 | Jul uv = 8 | Aug uv = 8 | Sep uv = 6 | Oct uv = 4 | Nov uv = 2 | Dec uv = 1 | source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)<ref name = "New York City Weatherbox NOAA" >{{cite web |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = May 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="New York City Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224841/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094728&format=pdf |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = noaasun>{{cite web|title=New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> | source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas NYC">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-us.com/en/new-york-usa/new-york-climate |title=New York, New York, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=July 4, 2019 }}</ref> See [[Climate of New York City]] for additional climate information from the outer boroughs. | source = | collapsed = y }} === Parks === {{main|New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|List of New York City parks}} [[File:Statue_of_Liberty,_NY.jpg|thumb|The [[Statue of Liberty]] on [[Liberty Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], a global symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty, freedom, and opportunity<ref name="Statue of Liberty UNESCO" />]] [[File:Central Park - The Pond (48377220157).jpg|thumb|[[The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary|The Pond]] and [[Midtown Manhattan]] as seen from [[Gapstow Bridge]] in [[Central Park]]]] The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the [[National Park Service]], the [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]], and the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. In its 2023 ParkScore ranking, the [[Trust for Public Land]] reported that the park system in New York City was the tenth-best park system among the most populous U.S. cities, citing the city's park acreage, investment in parks and that 99% of residents are within {{Convert|1/2|mi}} of a park.<ref>[https://parkserve.tpl.org/downloads/pdfs/New%20York%20City_NY.pdf 2023 ParkScore Index New York, NY], [[Trust for Public Land]]. Accessed January 15, 2024.</ref> [[Gateway National Recreation Area]] contains over {{convert|26000|acres|km2}}, most of it in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |title = Discover the truly wild side of New York's metropolitan area |url = http://www.nps.gov/gate/index.htm |access-date = June 11, 2012 |publisher = [[nps.gov]] }}</ref> In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over {{convert|9000|acre|km2}} of [[salt marsh]], [[wetland]]s, islands, and water, including most of [[Jamaica Bay]] and the [[Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge]]. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western [[Rockaway Peninsula]], most notably [[Jacob Riis Park]] and [[Fort Tilden]].<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/gate/planyourvisit/map_jbu.htm Maps for Jamaica Bay Unit], [[Gateway National Recreation Area]]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Within the Jamaica Bay Unit there are several places to visit. Floyd Bennett Field, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, Canarsie Pier, Breezy Point, Fort Tilden and Jacob Riis Park."</ref> In Staten Island, it includes [[Fort Wadsworth]], with historic pre-Civil War era [[Battery Weed]] and [[Fort Tompkins Quadrangle|Fort Tompkins]], and [[Great Kills Park]].<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/gate/planyourvisit/maps_siu.htm Maps for Staten Island Unit], [[Gateway National Recreation Area]]. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The Staten Island Unit is made of three different areas, Fort Wadsworth, Miller Field, and Great Kills Park."</ref> The [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]] and [[Ellis Island Immigration Museum]] are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by [[Governors Island National Monument]]. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include [[Stonewall National Monument]]; [[Castle Clinton National Monument]]; Federal Hall National Memorial; [[Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site]]; [[General Grant National Memorial]] (Grant's Tomb); [[African Burial Ground National Monument]]; and [[Hamilton Grange National Memorial]]. [[List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City|Hundreds of properties]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] or as a [[National Historic Landmark]]. There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. They include: the [[Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve]], a natural area that includes extensive [[Trail riding|riding trails]]; the [[Riverbank State Park]], a {{convert|28|acre|ha|adj=on}} facility;<ref>{{cite web |title = New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York City Region |url = http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/93/details.aspx |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110215035615/http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/93/details.aspx |archive-date = February 15, 2011 |access-date = October 28, 2010 |publisher = [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Nysparks.state.ny.us]] }}</ref> and the [[Marsha P. Johnson State Park]], a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River renamed in honor of [[Marsha P. Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Marsha P. Johnson State Park (East River State Park) |url = https://www.parks.ny.gov/parks/155/details.aspx |website = [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] |access-date = October 4, 2021 }}</ref> New York City has over {{convert|28000|acre|km2}} of [[Urban park|municipal parkland]] and {{convert|14|mi|km}} of public beaches.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 3, 1999|title=Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed {{convert|28000|acre|km2 |adj=on}} Mark|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html|access-date=September 1, 2008|publisher=New York City Mayor's Office}}; {{cite web |title = Beaches |url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/beaches |access-date = September 1, 2008 |publisher = [[New York City Department of Parks & Recreation]] }}</ref> The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with {{convert|2772|acres|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="nyt20130601" /><ref>{{cite web |title = Pelham Bay Park |url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/pelham-bay-park |access-date = June 8, 2012 |publisher = [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] }}</ref> and the most visited urban park is the Central Park, and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 42 million visitors in 2023.<ref name=NYCvisitors/> === Environment === {{main|Environmental issues in New York City}} [[File:Recycling_combine_-_Sunset_Pk,_NYC_05.jpg|thumb|The [[Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility]] is the largest [[Single-stream recycling|commingled recycling facility]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szczepanski |first=Mallory |date=July 21, 2017 |title=Behind the Scenes of Sims Municipal Recycling's MRF in Brooklyn |url=https://www.waste360.com/mrfs/behind-scenes-sims-municipal-recyclings-mrf-brooklyn |access-date=January 5, 2022 |website=Waste360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paben |first=Jared |date=January 11, 2022 |title=Closed Loop picks up a MRF operator with strong financials – Resource Recycling |url=https://resource-recycling.com/recycling/2022/01/11/closed-loop-picks-up-a-mrf-operator-with-strong-financials/ |access-date=February 21, 2022 |website=Resource Recycling News |language=en-US}}</ref>]] Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, [[Transportation in New York City|abundant public transportation infrastructure]], and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita [[greenhouse gas emissions]] rate and electricity usage. [[Governors Island]] is planned to host a US$1{{nbsp}}billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the [[climate change|climate crisis]].<ref name="NYCGlobalClimateLeader">{{cite web |date = October 26, 2022 |title = Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center |url = https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/781-22/mayor-adams-trust-governors-island-finalist-proposals-climate-solutions-center#/0 |access-date = October 28, 2022 |publisher = City of New York }}</ref> As an [[port|oceanic port]] city, New York City is vulnerable to long-term manifestations of [[global warming]] like [[sea level rise]] exacerbated by [[land subsidence]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prisco |first1=Jacopo |title=New York City is sinking due to its million-plus buildings, study says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/23/world/nyc-sinking-sea-level-climate-scn/index.html |access-date=22 January 2024 |agency=CNN |publisher=Earth's Future |date=23 May 2023}}</ref> Climate change has spawned the development of a significant [[green economy|climate resiliency]] and [[environmental sustainability]] economy in the city. New York City has focused on reducing its [[Human impact on the environment|environmental impact]] and [[carbon footprint]].<ref name="NYCCarbonFootprint">{{cite web |date = September 21, 2014 |title = Mayor de Blasio Commits to 80 Percent Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050, Starting with Sweeping Green Buildings Plan |url = http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/451-14/mayor-de-blasio-commits-80-percent-reduction-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2050-starting-with#/0 |access-date = October 31, 2014 |publisher = City of New York }}</ref> [[Mass transit]] use is the highest in the United States. New York's [[List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership|high rate of public transit use]], more than 610,000 daily cycling trips {{As of|2022|lc=y}},<ref name=NYCcycling/> and [[List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters|many pedestrian commuters]] make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">{{cite book |last = Jervey |first = Ben |url = https://archive.org/details/biggreenappleyou00jerv |title = The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City |publisher = [[Globe Pequot Press]] |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-7627-3835-9 }}</ref> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally, the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>{{cite web |date = December 2004 |title = 2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends |url = http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf |access-date = September 1, 2008 |publisher = [[U.S. Department of Transportation]] }}</ref> In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, [[Walk Score]] named New York City the most [[Walkability|walkable]] large city in the United States,<ref>{{cite news |last = Florida |first = Richard |date = April 7, 2015 |title = 2015's Most Walkable U.S. Cities |newspaper = [[The Atlantic]] |publisher = [[MSN]] |url = https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/2015s-most-walkable-us-cities/ar-AAayJRg |url-status = dead |access-date = April 12, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411013021/http://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/2015s-most-walkable-us-cities/ar-AAayJRg |archive-date = April 11, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = NYC tops list of most walkable cities in America—video narrative by Mara Montalbano |url = https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/travel/nyc-tops-list-of-most-walkable-cities-in-america/vi-AAaEJMr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151024120549/https://www.msn.com/en-us/video/travel/nyc-tops-list-of-most-walkable-cities-in-america/vi-AAaEJMr |archive-date = October 24, 2015 |access-date = April 11, 2015 |publisher = Buzz60, on [[MSN]] |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year = 2011 |title = The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities |url = http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10-most-walkable-us-cities-2011-07-20?link=MW_popular |access-date = July 20, 2011 |work = [[MarketWatch]] }}</ref> and in 2018, ''Stacker'' ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city.<ref>{{cite web |first = Betsy |last = Ladyzhets |date = April 18, 2018 |title = Most walkable cities in America |url = https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/smart-living/most-walkable-cities-in-america/ss-AAw27Ti?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=iehp |access-date = May 18, 2018 |publisher = Stacker, via [[MSN]] }}</ref> [[Citibank]] sponsored public bicycles for the city's [[bike-share]] project, which became known as [[Citi Bike]], in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last = Hamblin |first = James |date = June 28, 2013 |title = The Summer Bicycles Took Control |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/06/the-summer-bicycles-took-control/277166/ |access-date = June 28, 2013 |work = [[The Atlantic Monthly]] |publisher = The Atlantic Monthly Group }}</ref> New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title = 2014 NYC In-Season Cycling Indicator |url = http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2014-isci.pdf |access-date = March 15, 2019 |publisher = City of New York }}</ref> The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected [[Catskill Mountains]] watershed.<ref>{{cite web |title = Current Reservoir Levels |url = http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/maplevels_wide.shtml |access-date = August 15, 2014 |publisher = [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] }}</ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural [[water filtration]] system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification through [[water treatment]] plants.<ref>{{cite news |last = Lustgarten |first = Abrahm |date = August 6, 2008 |title = City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen |work = [[The New York Sun]] |url = http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-0b-cost/83288/ |access-date = August 9, 2008 |archive-date = August 20, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001437/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-0b-cost/83288/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The city's municipal water system is the largest in the United States, moving more than {{Convert|1|e9gal|e9l|abbr=off|sp=us}} of water daily from a watershed covering {{Convert|1900|sqmi}}<ref name="NYTimes-Water-Investment-2018">{{cite news |first = Winnie |last = Hu |date = January 18, 2018 |title = A Billion-Dollar Investment in New York's Water |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/nyregion/new-york-city-water-filtration.html |access-date = January 18, 2018 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-02/documents/ws-ourwater-new-york-state-fact-sheet.pdf ''New York Water Fact Sheet''], [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]. June 2010. Accessed December 29, 2023. "New York City is home to the largest engineered water system in the nation, supplying more than 1 billion gallons of water each day to approximately 9 million people, representing half of the state's population. The city draws its water from reservoirs upstate, supplied by a 1,900-square mile watershed—that's about the size of Delaware."</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{cite web |title = WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018) |url = https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/ |website = [[World Health Organization]] |access-date = January 16, 2022 }}</ref> the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5{{nbsp}}micrometers or less (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was 7.0{{nbsp}}micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0{{nbsp}}micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub>.<ref>{{cite web |title = Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health |url = https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health |website = [[World Health Organization]] |access-date = January 16, 2022 }}</ref> The [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]], in partnership with [[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College]], conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.<ref>{{cite web |title = Air Pollution Monitoring |url = http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/air/air_pollution_monitoring.shtml |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190305195347/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/air/air_pollution_monitoring.shtml |archive-date = March 5, 2019 |access-date = January 16, 2022 |website = [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] |url-status = dead }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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