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Do not fill this in! == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of Minneapolis}} {{US Census population |1860= 5809 |1870= 13066 |1880= 46887 |1890= 164738 |1900= 202718 |1910= 301408 |1920= 380582 |1930= 464356 |1940= 492370 |1950= 521718 |1960= 482872 |1970= 434400 |1980= 370951 |1990= 368383 |2000= 382618 |2010= 382578 |2020= 429954 |estyear=2022 |estimate=425096 |estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|date=June 25, 2023|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 25, 2023|archive-date=July 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |footnote=US Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title = Census of Population and Housing |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = May 21, 2014 |archive-date = April 26, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |url-status = live }}</ref><br />2020 Census }} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 90%; float:right;" |+ Racial and ethnic composition |- ! !! 2020<ref name=data.census.gov>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2743000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino By Race |date = August 12, 2021 |access-date = February 11, 2022 |archive-date = February 4, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220204215915/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2743000&y=2020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status = live }}</ref>!! 2010<ref name=data.census.gov/>!! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web |title = Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |url = https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date = April 21, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date = August 12, 2012 }}</ref>!! 1970<ref name="census" /> !! 1950<ref name="census" /> |- | [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone || 58.0% || 60.3% || 77.5% || 92.8% || {{n/a}} |- | [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone || 18.9% || 18.3% || 13.0% || 4.4% || 1.3% |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] || 10.4% || 10.5% || 2.1% || 0.9% || {{n/a}} |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] alone || 5.8% || 5.6% || 4.3% || 0.4% || 0.2% |- | Other race alone || 0.5% || 0.3% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]|| 5.2% || 3.4% || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |} The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by [[Sioux|Dakota]] tribes, particularly the [[Mdewakanton]], until [[European Americans]] [[Manifest destiny|moved westward]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |title = A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409042030/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-date = April 9, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 }}</ref> In the 1840s,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=48}} new settlers arrived from [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Massachusetts]], while [[French-Canadians]] came around the same time. {{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=203}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=217}} Farmers from [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], and [[Pennsylvania]] later followed in a secondary migration. A small fraction of the populace, settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=214}} [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[migrant workers]] began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite news |url = http://articles.citypages.com/2003-10-01/news/living-in-america/ |title = Living in America |first = G.R. Jr. |last = Anderson |work = [[City Pages]] |date = October 1, 2003 |access-date = April 29, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205409/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/14289/ |archive-date = October 19, 2012 }}</ref> Latinos eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including [[Phillips, Minneapolis|Phillips]], [[Whittier, Minneapolis|Whittier]], [[Longfellow, Minneapolis|Longfellow]] and [[Northeast, Minneapolis|Northeast]].{{sfn|HACER|1998|p=19}} Before the turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest<ref name="Anderson" /> and fastest-growing group of immigrants.{{sfn|League of Women Voters|2002|p=7}} Settlers from [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]] found common ground with the [[Republicanism|Republican]] and [[Protestant]] belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=224–225}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=220–222, 224}} Irish, Scots, and English immigrants arrived after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]];{{sfn|The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|1976|p=18}} [[Germans]]{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=239}} and [[Jews]] from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], as well as [[Russia]], followed.<ref name=Nathanson>{{cite web |last = Nathanson |first = Iric |title = Jews in Minnesota |publisher = [[Jewish Community Relations Council]] |url = http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224800/http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-date = December 28, 2006 |access-date = April 14, 2007 }}</ref> Minneapolis welcomed [[Italians]] and [[Greeks]] in the 1890s and 1900s,{{sfn|Vecoli|1981|p=450}}{{sfn|Saloutos|1981|pp=472, 474}} and [[Slovaks|Slovak]] and [[Czechs|Czech]] immigrants settled in the [[Bohemian Flats]] area on the west bank of the Mississippi River. [[Ukrainians]] arrived after 1900,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=244–247}} and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=48, 241}} Chinese began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and Glenwood Avenue.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|pp=531, 533–534}} [[Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis)|Westminster Presbyterian Church]] gave language classes and support for [[Chinese Americans]] in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|p=540}} [[Japanese Americans]], many relocated from San Francisco, worked at [[Camp Savage]], a secret military [[Japanese language|Japanese-language]] school that trained interpreters and translators.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=561|loc="...Minneapolis received by far the greater share (see Table 30.2). Camp Savage and Fort Snelling, the greatest magnets for wives, relatives, and friends of those stationed there, were more accessible from Minneapolis than from St. Paul"}} Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly 2,000, forming part of the state's largest [[Asian American]] community.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=558}} In the 1950s, the US government relocated [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to do away with [[Indian reservation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |quote = Other cities like Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Dallas, Oakland, Cleveland, and Minneapolis would later be added in an ever-changing line-up of relocation cities. |url = https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |title = Uprooted: The 1950s plan to erase Indian Country |last1 = Nesterak |first1 = Max |access-date = February 7, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]]|work=[[American Public Media]] |archive-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214756/https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |url-status = live |date = November 1, 2019 }}</ref> Around 1970, [[Koreans]] arrived,{{sfn|Mason|1981c|p=572}} and the first [[Filipinos]] came to attend the [[University of Minnesota]].{{sfn|Mason|1981b|p=546}} [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]] (some from [[Thailand]]), [[Lao people|Lao]], and [[Cambodians]] settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=582, 584, 586, 590}}{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=586, 588, 589}} In 1992, 160 [[Tibetan Americans|Tibetan immigrants]] came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/|title=Tibetans|access-date=April 2, 2023|publisher=[[International Institute of Minnesota]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402194417/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Burmese people|Burmese]] immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some moving to [[Geography of Minnesota#Regions|Greater Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|title=Lured by jobs and housing, Karen refugees spread across Minnesota|last=Hirsi|first=Ibrahim|date=August 13, 2019|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=April 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174948/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of people from India in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it the largest concentration of Indians living in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|last=Shah|first=Allie|title=Asian Indian numbers in metro surge|date=May 28, 2011|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192412/https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs, and generally out of the Midwest.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=113}} In 1910, there were approximately 2,500 Black residents,{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=74}} and by 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=82}} among Black residents.{{sfn|Spangler|1961|p=94|loc="Minnesota Negroes had the lowest illiteracy rate in the nation during this period" [in the period 1885 to 1920, 3.4 percent]}}{{sfn|Taylor|2002|p=34|loc={{circa|1930}} "In Minneapolis only 1.7% of blacks over 10 years of age were illiterate"}} However, [[Discrimination in the United States|discrimination]] prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=76}} In 1935, [[Cecil Newman]] and the ''[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder|Minneapolis Spokesman]]'' led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} Employment improved during World War II, but [[Housing discrimination in the United States|housing discrimination]] persisted.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=90|loc=footnote 57}} Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} After the [[Rust Belt]] economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and relatively safe neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |title = Moving Up: Part One |last = Biewen |first = John |date = August 19, 1997 |access-date = December 7, 2020 |url = http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |work = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In the 1990s, immigrants from the [[Horn of Africa]], particularly [[Somalia]], began to arrive.<ref name="residents">{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: 20th Century Growth and Diversity |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143305/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-date = April 21, 2012 |access-date = December 7, 2020 }}</ref> Immigration from Somalia slowed following a [[Trump travel ban|2017 executive order]].{{sfn|Weber|2022|loc=p. 159: "President Donald Trump's executive order in 2017 banned new immigration from Somalia and several other majority-Muslim nations. Just forty-eight people came to Minnesota from Somalia in 2018, down from more than fourteen hundred in 2016," and further reading p. 187}} As of 2022, about 20,000 [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somalis reside in Minneapolis]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |title = People Reporting Single Ancestry |date = 2022 |access-date = March 25, 2024 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |archive-date = May 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163401/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{efn|As of 2021, Wilder Research reported that around 86,610 Somalis lived in Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/cultural-communities/somali|title=Somali population|access-date=March 25, 2024|publisher=Wilder Research|work=Minnesota Compass|archive-date=March 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325193850/https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/cultural-communities/somali|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The [[Williams Institute]] reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2% [[LGBT]] adult population in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |title = LGBT Adults in Large US Metropolitan Areas |access-date = February 8, 2023 |date = December 2020 |work = [[Williams Institute]]|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]]|first1 = Kerith J. |last1 = Conron |first2 = Winston |last2 = Luhur |first3 = Shoshana K. |last3 = Goldberg |archive-date = December 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221230005310/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, the [[Human Rights Campaign]] gave Minneapolis its highest score possible on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2022-see-your-cities-scores |date = 2022 |access-date = February 8, 2023 |title = MEI 2022: See Your Cities' Scores |publisher = [[Human Rights Campaign]] |archive-date = February 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230208234049/https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2022-see-your-cities-scores |url-status = live }}</ref> === Census and estimates === Minneapolis is the country's 46th largest city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2022 Population|date=July 1, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2024|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|archive-date=July 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717001424/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> and, by 2023 population, the state's largest city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Community profile|url=https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|access-date=October 12, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031645/https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[2020 United States census|2020 US census]], the population of Minneapolis was 429,954.<ref name="2020-P1RACE">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Race |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182839/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latinos]] comprised 44,513 (10.4 percent).<ref name="2020-P2ETHNICITY">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Ethnicity |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182840/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status = live }}</ref> For those who were not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 people (58.0 percent) were [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were [[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were [[American Indian and Alaska Native]] alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]].<ref name="2020-P1RACE" /> The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021 [[American Community Survey]] (ACS) were [[German Americans|German]] (22.9 percent), [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (10.8 percent), [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian]] (8.9 percent), [[Subsaharan Africa]]n (6.7 percent), and [[Swedish Americans|Swedish]] (6.1 percent).<ref name="2021-DP02">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected social characteristics in the United States |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182838/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |url-status = live }}</ref> Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 7.1 percent spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Hmong language|Hmong]] speakers.<ref name="2021-DP02" /> About 13.7 percent of the population was [[Foreign born|born abroad]], with 53.2 percent of them being [[naturalization|naturalized]] [[US citizens]]. Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Asia (24.6 percent), and Latin America (25.2 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier.<ref name="2021-DP02" /> The 2021 ACS reported that the median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397. It was $97,670 for families, $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households.<ref name="Minneapolis-data">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Minneapolis data viewer |url = https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005548/https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="2021-S1901">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Income in the past 12 months |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = November 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221130204458/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |url-status = live }}</ref> The median gross rent in Minneapolis was $1,225, and 92.7 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied. Housing units in the city built in 1939 or earlier comprised 43.7 percent.<ref name="2021-DP04">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected housing characteristics |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |date = 2021 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182837/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |url-status = live }}</ref> About 15.0 percent of residents lived in [[poverty]].<ref name="2021-S1701">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Poverty status in the past 12 months |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1701 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182836/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1701 |url-status = live }}</ref> The percentage of residents who had obtained a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher was 53.6 percent, and 92.1 percent had at least a [[high school diploma]].<ref name="2021-S1501">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Educational attainment |date = 2021 |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1501 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182841/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1501 |url-status = live }}</ref> US [[veterans]] made up 3.2 percent of the population.<ref name="2021-DP02"/> In Minneapolis, African Americans comprised approximately 20% of the population as of 2020.<ref name="2020-P1RACE" /> Blacks owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families.<ref name=WPdisparity /> In the metro area, Black home ownership declined between 2000 and 2018; in the Twin Cities for that period, 93 percent of new Black households rented their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/104355/who-owns-the-twin-cities_0.pdf|access-date=January 31, 2024|work=[[Urban Institute]]|title=Who Owns the Twin Cities? An Analysis of Racialized Ownership Trends in Hennepin and Ramsey Counties|last1=Freemark|first1=Yonah|last2=Noble|first2=Eleanor|last3=Su|first3=Yipeng|date=June 2021|archive-date=January 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131180634/https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/104355/who-owns-the-twin-cities_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the median income for a Black family was $36,000, which was $47,000 less than a White family's median income. This income gap was one of the largest in the country, with Black Minneapolitans earning about 44% of what White Minneapolitans earned annually.<ref name=WPdisparity>{{cite news |title = Racial inequality in Minneapolis is among the worst in the nation |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |author = Ingraham, Christopher |date = May 30, 2020 |access-date = September 30, 2022 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |archive-date = March 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328051150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ===Religion=== [[File:Christ Church Lutheran Highsmith.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|alt=Christ Church with its tower and cross|[[Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Christ Church Lutheran]] is one of the city's four [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota|National Historic Landmark]]s.<ref name=nps>{{cite web |title = National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota |url = https://mn.gov/admin/shpo/registration/nhl/ |publisher = Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office |access-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221210185103/https://mn.gov/admin/shpo/registration/nhl/ |url-status = live }}</ref>]] The indigenous Dakota people believed in the [[Great Spirit]], and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.<ref name=religion>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Religion |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |access-date = January 24, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423193057/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |archive-date = April 23, 2012 }}</ref> Twin Cities residents are 70 percent [[Christianity|Christian]] according to the most recent [[Pew Research Center]] religious survey in 2014.<ref name=Pewreligion>{{cite web|title=Adults in the Minneapolis metro area|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/minneapolisst-paul-metro-area/|access-date=May 9, 2023|date=2014|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|archive-date=May 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509200058/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/minneapolisst-paul-metro-area/|url-status=live}}</ref> Settlers who arrived in Minneapolis from New England were for the most part [[Protestant]]s, [[Quakers]], and [[Universalist]]s.<ref name="religion" /> The oldest continuously used church, [[Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church]], was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=127}} St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887;<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[St. Mary's Cathedral (Minneapolis)|St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral]] |title = About St. Mary's |date = 2006 |url = http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html |access-date = March 19, 2023 |archive-date = September 30, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930000609/http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html |url-status = live }}</ref> it opened a missionary school and in 1905 created a [[Russian Orthodox]] seminary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svots.edu/about/our-history|title=Our History: Beginnings|access-date=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary]]|archive-date=December 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201021014/https://www.svots.edu/about/our-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Edwin Hawley Hewitt]] designed [[St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (Minneapolis)|St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral]] and [[Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church]], both of which are located south of downtown.{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=84}} The [[Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis|Basilica of Saint Mary]], the first [[basilica]] in the US and [[co-cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis]], was named by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1926.<ref name="religion" /> The [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] was headquartered in Minneapolis from the 1950s until 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/bgea-history/timeline-of-historic-events/ |title = Timeline of Historic Events |access-date = March 19, 2023 |publisher = [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151315/https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/bgea-history/timeline-of-historic-events/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Christ Church Lutheran]] in the [[Longfellow (neighborhood), Minneapolis|Longfellow]] neighborhood was the final work in the career of [[Eliel Saarinen]], and has an education building designed by his son [[Eero Saarinen|Eero]].{{sfn|Millett|2007|pp=159–160|loc="Christ Church was Saarinen's last building" and "the addition was among Eero's last commissions"}} Aligning with a national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23 percent [[irreligion|non-religious]] population.<ref name=Pewreligion /> At the same time, more than 50 denominations and religions are present in Minneapolis, representing most of the world's religions.<ref name="religion" /> [[Temple Israel (Minneapolis)|Temple Israel]] was built in 1928 by the city's first [[Judaism|Jewish]] congregation, Shaarai Tov, which was formed in 1878.<ref name="Nathanson" /> By 1959, a Temple of Islam was located in north Minneapolis.<ref name=CityHistory>{{cite report |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf |date = June 2020 |first1 = Tamara |last1 = Halvorsen Ludt |first2 = Laurel |last2 = Fritz |first3 = Lauren |last3 = Anderson |access-date = July 14, 2022 |pages = 7.24, 7.27 |publisher = City of Minneapolis|work=Community Planning and Economic Development |archive-date = September 22, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205430/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf |url-status = live |title = Minneapolis in the Modern Era: 1930–1975 }}</ref> In 1971, a reported 150 persons attended classes at a Hindu temple near the university.<ref name=CityHistory /> In 1972, a relief agency resettled the first [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Muslim]] family from Uganda in the Twin Cities.{{sfn|Barlow|Silk|2004|p=139}} Somalis who live in Minneapolis are primarily [[Sunni Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |date = January 2017 |publisher = [[International Institute of Minnesota]] |url = https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/somalis/ |title = Somalis |access-date = December 16, 2020 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817105056/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/somalis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, Minneapolis amended its noise ordinance to allow broadcasting the [[adhan|Muslim call to prayer]] five times per day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis allows Islamic call to prayer five times per day|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/minneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day|date=April 14, 2023|access-date=May 8, 2023|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508224122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/minneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has about seven [[Buddhist]] centers and meditation centers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Guide to Local Meditation Centers |last = Hagen |first = Nina |date = May 16, 2016 |access-date = March 19, 2023 |url = https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/ |work = [[Minnesota Monthly]] |publisher = [[Greenspring Media]] |archive-date = March 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230319215525/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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