Johannesburg

== Demographics ==

{{Historical populations
| title= Johannesburg population
| percentages = pagr
| 1886 |3000
| 1904 |99052
| 1908 |180687
| 1985 |1783000
| 1990 |1898000
| 2000 |2745000
| 2001 |3326055
| 2005 |3272600
| 2011 |4474829
| 2022 |4803262<ref name="provinces"/>
|source =<ref name =JoziPop1880s>{{cite news |url=http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |title=Johannesburg, South Africa (1886-- ) – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed |website=blackpast.org |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150842/http://www.blackpast.org/gah/johannesburg-south-africa-1886 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=unhabitat2014>{{Cite book |url=http://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |title=The State of African Cities 2014 |isbn=978-92-1-132598-0 |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195641/https://unhabitat.org/the-state-of-african-cities-2014/ |archive-date=10 September 2014 |date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="statssaPop">{{cite web |title=Local Municipality, City of Johannesburg |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993&id=city-of-johannesburg-municipality |website=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102081023/https://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

According to the 2011 [[Statistics South Africa|South African National Census]], the population of Johannesburg is 4,434,827 people,<ref name=statssaPop/> making it the most populous city in South Africa (it has been the most populous city in South Africa since at least the 1950s).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iqtwdzPV7XI |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=The Union of South Africa, 1956 |last=travelfilmarchive |date=8 November 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pdAgUgrc4qg |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |title=British Empire: The British Colony Of The Union Of South Africa 1956. |last=darren lennox |date=23 February 2017 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or [[chemical toilet]], and 91% have [[refuse]] removed by the municipality at least once a week. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Beall, Jo |author2=Crankshaw, Owen |author3=Parnell, Susan |year=2000 |title=Local government, poverty reduction and inequality in Johannesburg |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=107–122 |doi=10.1177/095624780001200108 |bibcode=2000EnUrb..12..107B |s2cid=16645676}} [http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 Abstract] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723224506/http://eau.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/1/107 |date=23 July 2009 }}</ref> 66% of households are headed by one person.

Johannesburg's [[urban agglomeration]] spreads well beyond the administrative boundary of the [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|municipality]]. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",<ref name="citypop">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |title=South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas |author=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=15 September 2014 |publisher=City Population |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306142835/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthAfrica-UA.html |url-status=live }}</ref>. [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|Johannesburg's suburbs]] are the product of [[urban sprawl]] and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |title=Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face |work=Daily Maverick |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183006/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-04-30-apartheid-legacy-of-urban-sprawl-is-the-challenge-our-cities-face/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Greater Johannesburg consists of more than five hundred suburbs in an area covering more than {{convert|200|sqmi|km2|spell=in|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":0"/> Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.<ref name=":0"/>

Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". {{As of|2011}}, this main place had a population of 957,441 and an area of 334.81&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |title=Main Place |last1=Africa |first1=Statistics South |date=2011 |website=www.statssa.gov.za |publisher=Statistics South Africa |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033221/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4286&id=11306 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Census 2011 — Main Place "Johannesburg" |website=census2011.adrianfrith.com |language=en |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212101431/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |title=Main Place "Johannesburg" |publisher=[[South African National Census of 2011]] |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161936/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/798015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some authors consider the metropolitan area to include most of Gauteng province.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gugler |first1=Josef |title=World Cities Beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521536851 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |language=en |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902010217/https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations|UN]]'s Population Division in 2016 estimated the metropolitan area population to be 9,616,000.<ref name="UN WUP 2016">{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2016 |url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations]] |page=11 |date=2016 |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173328/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Blacks account for 73% of the population, followed by [[White South African|whites]] at 18%, [[coloured]]s at 6% and [[Asian South African|Asians]] at 4%. 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in the community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Only 0.7% work in mining.

=== Religion ===
[[File:Dutch Reformed Church in Jeppestown.JPG|thumb|Dutch Reformed Church in [[Jeppestown]]]]
53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organised religion, 14% are members of [[African Initiated Church|African Independent Churches]], 3% are [[Muslim]], 1% are [[Jewish]] and 1% are [[Hindu]]. There are [[Islam|Muslim]] mosques, [[Hindu]] temples, A Sikh Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) in Sandton and a large number of synagogues.

====Christianity====
Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples: [[Serbian Orthodox church]], [[Zion Christian Church]], [[Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[Baptist Union of Southern Africa]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Methodist Church of Southern Africa]] ([[World Methodist Council]]), [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Presbyterian Church of Africa]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg]] ([[Catholic Church]]) and the [[Johannesburg South Africa Temple]] ([[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]).<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa SouthAfrica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629053318/https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa |date=29 June 2019 }}, britannica.com, US, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref> 

====Judaism====
Most of Johannesburg's estimated 50,000 Jews live in the North Eastern suburbs; [[Glenhazel]], [[Raedene Estate]], [[Kew, Gauteng|Kew]], [[Norwood, Gauteng|Norwood]], [[Highlands North, Gauteng|Highlands North]], [[Sandringham, Gauteng|Sandringham]], [[Savoy Estate]], [[Waverley, Johannesburg|Waverley]], [[Orchards, Johannesburg|Orchards]], [[Oaklands, Gauteng|Oaklands]] and [[Fairmount, Gauteng|Fairmount]].<ref>[https://www.sajbd.org/media/our-johannesburg Our Johannesburg] Jewish Affairs. 6 May 2020</ref> There are many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues in the city including; [[Great Park Synagogue (Johannesburg)|Great Park Synagogue]], [[Oxford Shul]] and [[Doornfontein Synagogue]]. There is a smaller number of synagogues serving the city's [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]], including [[Temple Israel (Johannesburg)|Temple Israel]] and [[Beit Emanuel, Johannesburg|Beit Emanuel]].

=== Languages ===
[[File:Johannesburg dominant language map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of home languages in Johannesburg
{{div col|colwidth=10em|content=
{{legend|#8dd3c7|[[Afrikaans]]}}
{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]]}}
{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]}}
{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]}}
{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]]}}
{{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]}}
{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Sotho]]}}
{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]]}}
{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]]}}
{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]}}
{{legend|#d0d0d0|No language dominant}}
}}]]

32% of Johannesburg residents speak [[Nguni languages]] at home, 24% speak [[Sotho languages]], 18% speak English, 7% speak [[Afrikaans]] and 6% speak [[Tshivenda]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Gender
!Population
!%
|-
| Female
| 473,148
| 49.42
|-
| Male
| 484,293
| 50.58
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Race
!Population
!%
|-
| [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]
| 614,793
| 64.21
|-
| [[White South African|White]]
| 133,379
| 13.93
|-
| [[Coloured]]
| 133,029
| 13.89
|-
| [[Asian South African|Asian]]
| 63,918
| 6.68
|-
|Other
|12,320
|1.29
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[First language]]
! Population<ref name="census2011" /><ref name="census2011 gov.za">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Statistics South |title=Local Municipality {{!}} Statistics South Africa |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722214641/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! %
|-
| [[Zulu language|Zulu]]
| 1,022,747
| 23.41
|-
|-
| [[Sesotho language|Sotho]]
| 420,117
| 9.61
|-
| [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
| 298,523
| 6.83
|-
| [[Afrikaans]]
| 318,063
| 7.28
|-
| [[Tswana language|Tswana]]
| 335,713
| 7.68
|-
| [[Sepedi]]
| 317,277
| 7.26
|-
| [[South African English|English]]
| 878,230
| 20.10
|-
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]
| 287,625
| 6.58
|-
| [[Swazi language|Swazi]]
| 35,926
| 0.82
|-
| [[Venda language|Venda]]
| 141,435
| 3.24
|-
| [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]
| 126,587
| 2.90
|-
| [[Languages of South Africa|Other]]
| 168,566
| 3.86
|-
| [[South African Sign Language|Sign language]]
| 18,793
| 0.43
|}

=== Education ===
[[File:Great_Hall_University_Witwatersrand.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of the Witwatersrand]]]]
Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both [[private university|private]] and [[public university|public universities]]. Johannesburg is served by the public universities [[University of the Witwatersrand]] and the [[University of Johannesburg]].

[[University of Johannesburg]] was formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—[[Rand Afrikaans University]], [[Technikon Witwatersrand]], and the Johannesburg campuses of [[Vista University]]—were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English and [[Afrikaans]], although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages.

The [[University of the Witwatersrand]] is one of the leading universities in Africa,<ref>{{cite web |last=University of the Witwatersrand |title=Wits Facts |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814035045/http://www.wits.ac.za/aboutwits/witstoday/facts-and-figures/3083/facts_and_figures.html |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> and is famous as a centre of resistance to [[apartheid]]. It is attached to the world's third largest hospital, the [[Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital]], located in [[Soweto]].

The [[University of Pretoria]]'s business school the [[Gordon Institute of Business Science]] is located in Illovo, Johannesburg.

Many private colleges are also situated in Johannesburg, such as [[Damelin]],<ref name="Damelin">{{cite web |url=http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006032337/http://www.educor.co.za/campuses/face-to-face-campuses |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2011 |title=Face to Face Campuses |publisher=Educor |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> [[CTI Education Group|CTI]],<ref name = "CTI">{{cite web |url=http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |title=Contact Us – CTI Education Group |publisher=Cti.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528084223/http://www.cti.co.za/contact-us |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lyceum College]]<ref name = "Lyceum">{{cite web |url=http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |title=College South Africa &#124; SA Colleges |publisher=Lyceum.co.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702141254/http://www.lyceum.co.za/college-south-africa-sa-colleges |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Monash University, South Africa campus|South African campus]]<ref name="Monash">{{cite web |url=http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |title=Contact us – Monash South Africa |publisher=Monash.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512020840/http://www.monash.ac.za/about/contact/ |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Monash University]] (six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is in [[Malaysia]]), as well as the [[Midrand Graduate Institute]]<ref name = "MGI">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |title=Contact Us |publisher=Mgi.ac.za |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629190229/http://www.mgi.ac.za/contact-us.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> which is located in [[Midrand]].

Johannesburg also has one of several [[film schools]] in the country, one of which has won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Student Film in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304005253/http://www.gfo.co.za/content/GFOcongratulatesAFDAonAcademyMaywin065.doc |archive-date=4 March 2009}}, 23 May 2006</ref> The South African School of Motion Picture and Live Performance, or [[AFDA]] for short, is situated in Auckland Park.

Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. There are numerous kindergartens, primary schools and high schools in the region.