Houston

=== Race and ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed collapsible' style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial and ethnic composition 
!2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Race and Population Totals|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4835000&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>!! 2010<ref name="2010populationbyrace">{{cite web |publisher=Census Reporter |access-date=May 29, 2018 |title=Houston, Texas Population: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts |url=http://censusviewer.com/city/TX/Houston |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530040111/http://censusviewer.com/city/TX/Houston |archive-date=May 30, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>!! 2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4835000.html |title=Houston (city), Texas |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220105716/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4835000.html |archive-date=February 20, 2010 }}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1" />!! 1970<ref name="census1" />
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) 
|47.0%|| 43.8% || 37.4%|| 27.6% || 11.3%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref>
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic whites|Whites (Non-Hispanic)]]
|21.8% || 25.6%<ref>{{Cite web|title=Houston City Census 2010, Summary File 1|url=https://demographics.texas.gov//Resources/Decennial/2010/SF1/profiles/place//Houston_city_2010_SF1_Profile.pdf|page=21}}</ref>|| 30.8%<ref>{{cite web|title=Houston city, Texas – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4835000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212043652/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4835000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on|archive-date=February 12, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2009|work=census.gov}}</ref>|| 40.6% || 62.4%<ref name="fifteen" />
|-
|[[African American|Black or African American]]
|24.9%|| 25.1% || 25.3%|| 28.1% || 25.7%
|-
|[[Asian American|Asian]]
|7.1%|| 6.0% || 5.3% || 4.1% || 0.4%
|}
Houston is a [[Majority minority in the United States|majority-minority]] city. The Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, a [[think tank]], has described Greater Houston as "one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse metropolitan areas in the country".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kinder.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs1676/f/documents/Kinder%20Houston%20Area%20Survey%202018.pdf |title=The 2018 Kinder Houston Area Survey |last=Klineberg |first=Stephen |date=April 2018 |website=Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research |access-date=May 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428045303/https://kinder.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs1676/f/documents/Kinder%20Houston%20Area%20Survey%202018.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Houston's diversity, historically fueled by large waves of Hispanic and Latino Americans, and Asian immigrants, has been attributed to its relatively lower [[cost of living]] compared to most major cities, strong job market, and role as a hub for [[Third country resettlement|refugee resettlement]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-houston-diversity-2017-htmlstory.html |title=How Houston has become the most diverse place in America |last=Mejia |first=Brittny |date=May 9, 2017 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=May 28, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0458-3035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527192306/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-houston-diversity-2017-htmlstory.html |archive-date=May 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/07/01/195909643/tx2020-houston-racial-ethnic-diversity-americas-future |title=In Houston, America's Diverse Future Has Already Arrived |last=Hu |first=Elise |date=July 1, 2013 |work=NPR |access-date=May 28, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130009/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/07/01/195909643/tx2020-houston-racial-ethnic-diversity-americas-future |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Houston has long been known as a popular destination for African Americans due to the city's well-established and influential African American community. Houston has become known as a [[Black mecca]] akin to [[Atlanta]] because it is a major living destination for Black professionals and entrepreneurs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 8, 2016|title=Join Us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca|url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/join-houston-americas-next-great-black-business-mecca/|access-date=July 8, 2021|website=Black Enterprise|language=en-US}}</ref> The Houston area is home to the [[List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations|largest African American community]] in Texas and [[List of largest cities west of the Mississippi River|west]] of the [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/16/685815783/meet-black-girl-magic-the-19-african-american-women-elected-as-judges-in-texas|title=Meet 'Black Girl Magic,' The 19 African-American Women Elected As Judges In Texas|newspaper=NPR.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/join-houston-americas-next-great-black-business-mecca/ |title=Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca |last=Graves | first=Earl G. Sr. |date=December 8, 2016 |website=Black Enterprise |access-date=September 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820172802/https://www.blackenterprise.com/join-houston-americas-next-great-black-business-mecca/ |archive-date=August 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Haleyp412">{{cite journal|last=Haley|first= John H. |title = Reviewed Work: ''Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston'' by Howard Beeth, Cary D. Wintz |journal =[[The Georgia Historical Quarterly]]|date =Summer 1993|volume= 77|issue =2|pages= 412–413|jstor=40582726}} CITED: p. 412.</ref> A 2012 Kinder Institute report found that, based on the evenness of population distribution between the four major racial groups in the United States (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian), Greater Houston was the most ethnically diverse metropolitan area in the United States, ahead of [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2016/sep/23/sylvester-turner/sylvester-turner-calls-houston-nations-most-divers/ |title=Sylvester Turner mostly right; Houston is 'most diverse' |last=Rahman |first=Fauzeya |date=September 23, 2016 |work=Politifact |access-date=May 28, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529053906/http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2016/sep/23/sylvester-turner/sylvester-turner-calls-houston-nations-most-divers/ |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, according to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], [[non-Hispanic whites]] made up 23.3% of the population of Houston proper, Hispanics and Latino Americans 45.8%, Blacks or African Americans 22.4%, and Asian Americans 6.5%.<ref name=":14" /> In 2018, non-Hispanic whites made up 20.7% of the population, Hispanics or Latino Americans 44.9%, Blacks or African Americans 30.3%, and Asian Americans 8.2%.<ref name=":13" /> The largest Hispanic or Latino American ethnic groups in the city were [[Mexican Americans]] (31.6%), [[Puerto Ricans]] (0.8%), and [[Cuban Americans]] (0.8%) in 2018.<ref name=":13" />

As documented, Houston has a higher proportion of minorities than non-Hispanic whites; in 2010, [[White Americans|whites]] (including Hispanic whites) made up 57.6% of the city of Houston's population; 24.6% of the total population was non-Hispanic white.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/houstoncitytexas/POP010210 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |language=en}}</ref> Blacks or African Americans made up 22.5% of Houston's population, [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] made up 0.3% of the population, Asians made up 6.9% (1.7% [[Vietnamese Americans|Vietnamese]], 1.3% [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]], 1.3% [[Indian Americans|Indian]], 0.9% [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani]], 0.4% [[Filipino Americans|Filipino]], 0.3% [[Korean Americans|Korean]], 0.1% [[Japanese Americans|Japanese]]) and [[Pacific Islander]]s made up 0.1%. Individuals from some other race made up 15.69% of the city's population.<ref name="2010populationbyrace" /> Individuals from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]] made up 2.1% of the city.<ref name=":15" />

At the [[2000 United States Census|2000 U.S. census]], the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% Black or African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 37.4% of Houston's population in 2000, while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Houston city, Texas – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4835000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212043652/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4835000&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-_sse=on |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=July 10, 2009 |work=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The proportion of non-Hispanic whites in Houston has decreased significantly since 1970, when it was 62.4%.<ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=Texas – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>