Crusades

===Fifth Crusade===
{{main|Fifth Crusade}}
The [[Fifth Crusade]] (1217–1221) was a campaign by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the sultan [[Al-Adil I|al-Adil]], brother of [[Saladin]]. In 1213, [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] called for another Crusade at the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|Fourth Lateran Council]], and in the papal bull ''[[Quia maior]]''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Summons to a Crusade, 1215|encyclopedia=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|publisher=Fordham University|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/inn3-cdesummons.asp|access-date=|first=|pages=337–344}}</ref> Innocent died in 1216 and was succeeded by [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] who immediately called on [[Andrew II of Hungary]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II of Germany]] to lead a Crusade.<ref>Michael Ott (1910). "[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Honorius III|Pope Honorius III]]". In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''7.''' New York.</ref> Frederick had taken the cross in 1215, but hung back, with his crown still in contention, and Honorius delayed the expedition.<ref name=":23">Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1977). "[http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0025.pdf The Fifth Crusade]". In Setton, K., ''A History of the Crusades: Volume II''. pp. 343–376.</ref>

[[File:Capturing_Damiate.jpg|thumb|Crusaders attack the tower of Damietta during the [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)|siege of Damietta]] in a painting by [[Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen]].]]

Andrew II left for Acre in August 1217, joining [[John of Brienne]], king of Jerusalem. The initial plan of a two-prong attack in Syria and in Egypt was abandoned and instead the objective became limited operations in Syria. After accomplishing little, the ailing Andrew returned to Hungary early in 1218. As it became clear that Frederick II was not coming to the east, the remaining commanders began the planning to attack the Egyptian port of [[Damietta]].<ref>Powell, James M. (2006). "The Fifth Crusade". In ''The Crusades: An Encyclopedia''. pp. 427–432.</ref>

The fortifications of Damietta included the ''Burj al-Silsilah''{{snd}}the chain tower{{snd}}with massive chains that could stretch across the Nile. The [[Siege of Damietta (1218–19)|siege of Damietta]] began in June 1218 with a successful assault on the tower. The loss of the tower was a great shock to the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], and the sultan al-Adil died soon thereafter.{{sfn|Gibb|pp=697–700|loc=The Ayyubids through 1221|1969}} He was succeeded as sultan by his son [[al-Kamil]]. Further offensive action by the Crusaders would have to wait until the arrival of additional forces, including legate [[Pelagius Galvani|Pelagius]] with a contingent of Romans.{{sfn|Tyerman|2006|pp=626–649|loc=The Fifth Crusade, 1213–1221}} A group from England arrived shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Tyerman|1996|p=97|loc=The Fifth Crusade}}

By February 1219, the Crusaders now had Damietta surrounded, and al-Kamil opened negotiations with the Crusaders, asking for envoys to come to his camp. He offered to surrender the kingdom of Jerusalem, less the fortresses of [[al-Karak]] and [[Montreal (castle)|Krak de Montréal]], guarding the road to Egypt, in exchange for the evacuation of Egypt. John of Brienne and the other secular leaders were in favor of the offer, as the original objective of the Crusade was the recovery of Jerusalem. But Pelagius and the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers refused.{{sfn|Runciman|1954|pp=132–179|loc=The Fifth Crusade}} Later, [[Francis of Assisi]] arrived to negotiate unsuccessfully with the sultan.<ref>Paschal Robinson (1909). "[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Francis of Assisi|St. Francis of Assisi]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''6'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref>

In November 1219, the Crusaders entered Damietta and found it abandoned, al-Kamil having moved his army south. In the captured city, Pelagius was unable to prod the Crusaders from their inactivity, and many returned home, their vow fulfilled. Al-Kamil took advantage of this lull to reinforce his new camp at [[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansurah]], renewing his peace offering to the Crusaders, which was again refused. Frederick II sent troops and word that he would soon follow, but they were under orders not to begin offensive operations until he had arrived.{{sfn|Maalouf|2006|pp=218–226|loc=The Perfect and the Just}}

In July 1221, Pelagius began to advance to the south. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. Already deemed a traitor for opposing the plans and threatened with excommunication, John joined the force under the command of the legate. In the ensuing [[Battle of Mansurah (1221)|Battle of Mansurah]] in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible.{{sfn|Christie|2014|loc=Document 16: Al-Kamil Muhammad and the Fifth Crusade}} Pelagius had no choice but to surrender.{{sfn|Perry|2013|loc=The Fifth Crusade|pp=89–121}}

The Crusaders still had some leverage as Damietta was well-garrisoned. They offered the sultan a withdrawal from Damietta and an eight-year truce in exchange for allowing the Crusader army to pass, the release of all prisoners, and the return of the relic of the [[True Cross]]. Prior to the formal surrender of Damietta, the two sides would maintain hostages, among them John of Brienne and [[Hermann von Salza|Hermann of Salza]] for the Franks side and a son of al-Kamil for Egypt.{{sfn|Richard|1999|pp=299–307|loc=The Egyptian Campaign of the Legate Pelagius}} The masters of the military orders were dispatched to Damietta, where the forces were resistant to giving up, with the news of the surrender, which happened on 8 September 1221. The Fifth Crusade was over, a dismal failure, unable to even gain the return of the piece of the True Cross.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=551–562|loc=The Fifth Crusade}}