Advaita Vedanta

=====Three states of consciousness and Turiya=====
Advaita posits three states of consciousness, namely waking (jagrat), dreaming (svapna), deep sleep (suṣupti), which are empirically experienced by human beings,{{sfn|Sharma|2004|p=3}}{{sfn|Indich|2000|pp=57–60}} and correspond to the [[Three Bodies Doctrine (Vedanta)|Three Bodies Doctrine]]:{{sfn|Wilber|2000|p=132}}
# The first state is the waking state, in which we are aware of our daily world.{{sfn|Sharma|2004|pp=15–40, 49–72}} This is the gross body.
# The second state is the dreaming mind. This is the [[subtle body]].{{sfn|Sharma|2004|pp=15–40, 49–72}}
# The third state is the state of deep sleep. This is the [[causal body]].{{sfn|Sharma|2004|pp=15–40, 49–72}}

Advaita also posits "the fourth," [[Turiya]], which some describe as pure consciousness, the background that underlies and transcends these three common states of consciousness.<ref group=web name=rm>{{cite book |url=http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/tw/tw617.html |author=Ramana Maharshi |title=States of Consciousness |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209164417/http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/tw/tw617.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref group=web name=sc1>{{cite book|url=http://www.yogaofsrichinmoy.com/yoga/summits_of_god-life|author=Sri Chinmoy|title=Summits of God-Life|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215153917/http://www.yogaofsrichinmoy.com/yoga/summits_of_god-life/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Turiya is the state of liberation, where states Advaita school, one experiences the infinite (''ananta'') and non-different (''advaita/abheda''), that is free from the dualistic experience, the state in which [[ajativada]], non-origination, is apprehended.{{sfn|King|1995|p=300 note 140}} According to Candradhara Sarma, Turiya state is where the foundational Self is realized, it is measureless, neither cause nor effect, all pervading, without suffering, blissful, changeless, self-luminous,{{refn|group=note |name=self-luminous}} real, immanent in all things and transcendent.{{sfn|Sarma|1996|pp=122, 137}} Those who have experienced the Turiya stage of self-consciousness have reached the pure awareness of their own non-dual Self as one with everyone and everything, for them the knowledge, the knower, the known becomes one, they are the ''Jivanmukta''.{{sfn|Sarma|1996|pp=126, 146}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|pp=128–131, 5–8, 30–37}}{{sfn|Indich|2000|pp=106–108}}{{sfnp|Sullivan|1997|pp=59–60}}{{sfnp|Gupta|1998|pp=26–30}}

Advaita traces the foundation of this ontological theory in more ancient Sanskrit texts.{{sfn|Raju|1985|pp=32–33}} For example, chapters 8.7 through 8.12 of [[Chandogya Upanishad]] discuss the "four states of consciousness" as awake, dream-filled sleep, deep sleep, and beyond deep sleep.{{sfn|Raju|1985|pp=32–33}}{{sfnp|Hume|1921|p=Chandogya Upanishad – Eighth Prathapaka, Seventh through Twelfth Khanda, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n289/mode/2up pp. 268–273]}} One of the earliest mentions of ''Turiya'', in the Hindu scriptures, occurs in verse 5.14.3 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''.{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Olivelle|1998|p=77}};<br/>Sanskrit ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् Wikisource]): प्राणोऽपानो व्यान इत्यष्टावक्षराणि अष्टाक्षर ह वा एकं गायत्र्यै पदम् एतदु हैवास्या एतत् स यावदिदं प्राणि तावद्ध जयति योऽस्या एतदेवं पदं वेद अथास्या एतदेव '''तुरीयं''' दर्शतं पदं परोरजा य एष तपति यद्वै चतुर्थं तत्तुरीयम् दर्शतं पदमिति ददृश इव ह्येष परोरजा इति सर्वमु ह्येवैष रज उपर्युपरि तपत्य् एव हैव श्रिया यशसा तपति योऽस्या एतदेवं पदं वेद ॥ ३ ॥}} The idea is also discussed in other early Upanishads.{{sfn|Indich|2000|pp=58–67, 106–108}}