Wicca

===Morality===
{{Main|Wiccan morality}}
{{Quote box|width=246px|align=right|quote=Bide the Wiccan laws ye must, in perfect love and perfect trust&nbsp;...
Mind the Threefold Law ye should – three times bad and three times good&nbsp;...
Eight words the Wiccan Rede fulfill – an it harm none, do what ye will.|source=[[Lady Gwen Thompson]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rede of the Wiccae |publisher=Olympian Press |location=Providence |first1=Robert |last1=Mathiesin |author2=Theitic |pages=60–61 |date=2005 |isbn=0-9709013-1-3}}</ref>
 }}

Wicca has been characterised as a life-affirming religion.{{sfn|Samuel|1998|p=128}} Practitioners typically present themselves as "a positive force against the powers of destruction which threaten the world".{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2002|p=306}}
There exists no [[dogma]]tic [[moral]] or [[ethics|ethical code]] followed universally by Wiccans of all traditions, however a majority follow a code known as the [[Wiccan Rede]], which states "an it harm none, do what ye will". This is usually interpreted as a declaration of the freedom to act, along with the necessity of taking responsibility for what follows from one's actions and minimising harm to oneself and others.<ref name="ExegesisRede">{{cite journal |url=http://www.draknet.com/proteus/rede.htm |title=Exegesis on the ''Rede'' |journal=[[Harvest (Neopagan magazine)|Harvest]] |first=Judy |last=Harrow |volume=5 |issue=3 |date=1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514030732/http://www.draknet.com/proteus/rede.htm |archive-date=14 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another common element of Wiccan morality is the [[Rule of Three (Wicca)|Law of Threefold Return]] which holds that whatever benevolent or malevolent actions a person performs will return to that person with triple force, or with equal force on each of the three levels of body, mind, and spirit,<ref name="Lembke3fold">Lembke, Karl (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20050508032805/http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usca&c=words&id=3801 ''The Threefold Law''].</ref> similar to the eastern idea of [[karma]]. The Wiccan Rede was most likely introduced into Wicca by Gerald Gardner and formalised publicly by [[Doreen Valiente]], one of his High Priestesses. The Threefold Law was an interpretation of Wiccan ideas and ritual, made by [[Monique Wilson (Wiccan)|Monique Wilson]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Luthaneal |title=The Book of Mirrors |year=2011 |publisher=Capall Bann |location=UK |isbn=978-1-86163-325-5 |page=218 }}</ref> and further popularized by [[Raymond Buckland]], in his books on Wicca.{{sfn|Buckland|1986|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fAED7p4stxwC&pg=PT10 Preface to the Second Edition]}}

There is some disagreement among Wiccans as to what the Law of Threefold Return (or Law of Three) actually means, or even whether such a law exists at all. As just one example, McKenzie Sage Wright discusses this in her HubPages artlcle, ''Ethics in Wicca: The Threefold Law.'' 

Many Wiccans also seek to cultivate a set of eight virtues mentioned in [[Doreen Valiente]]'s ''[[Charge of the Goddess]]'',{{sfn|Farrar|Farrar|1992}} these being mirth, reverence, honour, humility, strength, beauty, power, and compassion. In Valiente's poem, they are ordered in pairs of complementary opposites, reflecting a [[Dualistic cosmology|dualism]] that is common throughout Wiccan philosophy. Some lineaged Wiccans also observe a set of [[Wiccan Laws]], commonly called the ''Craft Laws'' or ''Ardanes'', 30 of which exist in the Gardnerian tradition and 161 of which are in the Alexandrian tradition. Valiente, one of Gardner's original High Priestesses, argued that the first thirty of these rules were most likely invented by Gerald Gardner himself in mock-archaic language as the by-product of inner conflict within his Bricket Wood coven.{{sfn|Valiente|1989|pp=70–71}}{{sfn|Hutton|1999|}}

In British Traditional Wicca, "sex complementarity is a basic and fundamental working principle", with men and women being seen as a necessary presence to balance each other out.{{sfn|Greenwood|1998|p=105}} This may have derived from Gardner's interpretation of Murray's claim that the ancient witch-cult was a fertility religion.{{sfn|Greenwood|1998|p=105}} Thus, many practitioners of British Traditional Wicca have argued that gay men and women are not capable of correctly working magic without mixed-sex pairings.{{sfn|Greenwood|1998|p=106}}

Although Gerald Gardner initially demonstrated an aversion to [[Homosexuality and Wicca|homosexuality]], claiming that it brought down "the curse of the goddess",{{sfn|Gardner|2004|pp=69, 75}} it is now generally accepted in all traditions of Wicca, with groups such as the Minoan Brotherhood openly basing their philosophy upon it.{{sfn|Adler|1979|pp=130–131}} Nonetheless, a variety of viewpoints exist in Wicca around this point, with some covens adhering to a hetero-normative viewpoint. Carly B. Floyd of [https://www.iwu.edu/ Illinois Wesleyan University] has published an informative white paper on this subject: ''[https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/socanth_honproj/56/ Mother Goddesses and Subversive Witches: Competing Narratives of Gender Essentialism, Heteronormativity, Feminism, and Queerness in Wiccan Theology and Ritual].'' 

The scholar of religion Joanne Pearson noted that in her experience, most Wiccans take a "realistic view of living in the real world" replete with its many problems and do not claim that the gods "have all the answers" to these.{{sfn|Pearson|1998|p=47}} She suggested that Wiccans do not claim to seek perfection but instead "wholeness" or "completeness", which includes an acceptance of traits like anger, weakness, and pain.{{sfn|Pearson|1998|p=49}} She contrasted the Wiccan acceptance of an "interplay between light and dark" against the New Age focus on "white light".{{sfn|Pearson|1998|p=48}} Similarly, the scholar of religion Geoffrey Samuel noted that Wiccans devote "a perhaps surprising amount of attention to darkness and death".{{sfn|Samuel|1998|p=128}}

Many Wiccans are involved in environmentalist campaigns.{{sfn|Crowley|1998|p=178}}