Tibet

=== From 1950 to present ===
{{Main|History of Tibet (1950–present)}}
[[File:Thank you India. 50 Years in Exile. Manali. 2010.jpg|thumb|A poster saying "Thank you India. 50 years in Exile." [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], 2010.]]
Emerging with control over most of [[mainland China]] after the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[People's Republic of China]] [[Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China|annexed Tibet]] in 1950 and negotiated the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet|Seventeen Point Agreement]] with the newly enthroned [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s government, affirming the People's Republic of China's sovereignty but granting the area autonomy. Subsequently, on his journey into exile, the 14th Dalai Lama completely repudiated the agreement, which he has repeated on many occasions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928101214/http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=183&rmenuid=11 "The 17-Point Agreement" The full story as revealed by the Tibetans and Chinese who were involved] Archived on 28 September 2011.</ref><ref>[[Tenzin Gyatso|Dalai Lama]], ''[[Freedom in Exile]]'' Harper San Francisco, 1991</ref> According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], the Chinese used the Dalai Lama to gain control of the military's training and actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00457R009600210006-1.pdf |title=1.Chinese Communist Troops in Tibet, 2. Chinese Communist Program for Tibet |access-date=February 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123133521/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00457R009600210006-1.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The Dalai Lama had a strong following as many people from Tibet looked at him not just as their political leader, but as their spiritual leader.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060024-3.pdf |title=Notes for DCI briefing of Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 28 April 1959 |access-date=February 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123081300/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82R00025R000100060024-3.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> After the Dalai Lama's government fled to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India, during the [[1959 Tibetan Rebellion]], it established a [[Central Tibetan Administration|rival government-in-exile]]. Afterwards, the [[Central People's Government]] in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms.<ref>{{Cite book
  |title=Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers
  |page=197
  |first=Morris|last=Rossabi
  |chapter=An Overview of Sino-Tibetan Relations
  |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]
  |year=2005}}</ref> During the [[Great Leap Forward]], between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans may have died<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d3dc.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – China : Tibetans |publisher=Minority Rights Group International |date=July 2008 |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101012043/http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d3dc.html |archive-date=November 1, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the [[Cultural Revolution]]—destroying the vast majority of historic Tibetan architecture.<ref name="Kevin">{{Cite book|title=Freedom of religion and belief: a world report|first1=Kevin|last1=Boyle|first2=Juliet|last2=Sheen|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-15977-7}}</ref>

In 1980, General Secretary and reformist [[Hu Yaobang]] visited Tibet and ushered in a period of social, political, and [[economic liberalization]].<ref name="Bank"/> At the end of the decade, however, before the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], monks in the [[Drepung Monastery|Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries started protesting for independence. The government halted reforms and started an anti-[[separatist]] campaign.<ref name="Bank">{{cite magazine
  |title=As Tibet Goes...
  |first1=David|last1=Bank
  |first2=Peter|last2=Leyden
  |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]
  |date=January 1990
  |volume=15|issue=1
  |issn=0362-8841}}</ref> Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to [[Human rights in Tibet|human rights in the region]] when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the [[2008 Tibetan unrest]].

The central region of Tibet is now an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of China|autonomous region]] within China, the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. It is governed by a People's Government, led by a chairman. In practice, however, the chairman is subordinate to the branch secretary of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). In 2010 it was reported that, as a matter of convention, the chairman had almost always been an ethnic Tibetan, while the party secretary had always been ethnically non-Tibetan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-15 |title=Leadership shake-up in China's Tibet: state media |publisher=[[France 24]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |location=France |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100115-leadership-shake-chinas-tibet-state-media |url-status=dead |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118095132/http://www.france24.com/en/20100115-leadership-shake-chinas-tibet-state-media |archive-date=January 18, 2010}}</ref>