Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist

=== Irvingian ===
{{further|Consubstantiation}} 
[[Edward Irving]], who founded the Irvingian Churches, such as the [[New Apostolic Church]], taught the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; "Irving insisted on the real presence of the ''humiliated'' humanity of Christ in the Lord's Supper."<ref name="Lee2018">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=David Y. T. |title=A Charismatic Model of the Church: Edward Irving's Teaching in a 21st-century Chinese Context |date=11 June 2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-1208-5 |page=167}}</ref> The [[Catholic Apostolic Church]] has thus held to "the doctrine of the real presence of Christ with regard to the elements in the communion service".<ref name="Bennett2014">{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=David Malcolm |title=Edward Irving Reconsidered: The Man, His Controversies, and the Pentecostal Movement |date=4 November 2014 |publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1-62564-865-5 |page=292}}</ref> In the Irvingian tradition of Restorationist Christianity, [[consubstantiation]] is taught as the explanation of how the real presence is effected in the liturgy.<ref name="NAC">{{cite web |title=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church: 8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&chapter=8.2.12 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |language=English |date=18 December 2020|quote=Rather, the substance of Christ's body and blood is joined to them (consubstantiation).}}</ref> ''The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church'', the largest of the Irvingian denominations, teaches:<ref name="NAC2020">{{cite web |title=8.2.12 The real presence of the body and blood of Christ in Holy Communion |url=https://nak.org/en/kennenlernen/katechismus?chapter=8.2 |publisher=[[New Apostolic Church]] |access-date=8 February 2021 |date=18 December 2020|work=The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church}}</ref>

{{quotation|
Rather, the body and blood of Christ are truly present (real presence). Through the words of consecration spoken by an Apostle or a priestly minister commissioned by him, the substance of the body and blood of Christ is joined to the substance of the bread and wine.

The outward form (accidence) of the elements of Holy Communion is not changed by this act. Just as the Man Jesus was visible during His life on earth, so also the bread and wine are visible in Holy Communion. After their consecration, however, the elements of Holy Communion constitute a dual substance–like the two natures of Jesus Christ–namely that of bread and wine and that of the body and blood of Christ. The Son of God is then truly present in the elements of Holy Communion: in His divinity and in His humanity.

However, as regards the elements of Communion it is not the case that the bread alone corresponds to the body of Christ and that the wine alone corresponds to the blood of Christ. Rather, the body and blood of Christ is completely present in each of the two elements, both the bread and the wine.<ref name="NAC2020"/>}}