Philosophy

=== Other traditions ===
Traditional Japanese philosophy assimilated and synthesized ideas from different traditions, including the indigenous [[Shinto]] religion and Chinese and Indian thought in the forms of Confucianism and Buddhism, both of which entered Japan in the 6th and 7th centuries. Its practice is characterized by active interaction with reality rather than disengaged examination.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Kasulis|2022|loc=Lead Section, § 3.2 Confucianism, § 3.3 Buddhism}} |2={{harvnb|Kasulis|1998|loc=Lead Section}} }}</ref> Neo-Confucianism became an influential school of thought in the 16th century and the following [[Edo period]] and prompted a greater focus on language and the natural world.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Kasulis|2022|loc=§ 4.3 Edo-period Philosophy (1600–1868)}}|{{harvnb|Kasulis|1998|loc=Lead Section}} }}</ref> The [[Kyoto School]] emerged in the 20th century and integrated Eastern spirituality with Western philosophy in its exploration of concepts like absolute nothingness (''zettai-mu''), place (''basho''), and the [[self]].<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Davis|2022|loc=Lead Section, § 3. Absolute Nothingness: Giving Philosophical Form to the Formless}} |2={{harvnb|Kasulis|2022|loc=§ 4.4.2 Modern Academic Philosophies}} }}</ref>

Latin American philosophy in the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-colonial period]] was practiced by indigenous civilizations and explored questions concerning the nature of reality and the role of humans.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Gracia|Vargas|2018|loc=Lead Section, § 1. History}} |2={{harvnb|Stehn|loc=Lead Section, § 1. Indigenous Period}} |3={{harvnb|Maffie}}}}</ref> It has similarities to [[Indigenous American philosophy|indigenous North American philosophy]], which covered themes such as the interconnectedness of all things.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Arola|2011|pp=[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28241/chapter-abstract/213354161?redirectedFrom=fulltext 562–563]}} |2={{harvnb|Rivera Berruz|2019|p=72}} }}</ref> Latin American philosophy during the [[European colonization of the Americas|colonial period]], starting around 1550, was dominated by religious philosophy in the form of [[scholasticism]]. Influential topics in the post-colonial period were [[positivism]], the [[philosophy of liberation]], and the exploration of identity and culture.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Gracia|Vargas|2018|loc=Lead Section, § 1. History}} |2={{harvnb|Stehn|loc=Lead Section, § 4. Twentieth Century}} }}</ref>

Early African philosophy, like [[Ubuntu philosophy]], was focused on community, morality, and ancestral ideas.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Grayling|2019|loc=African Philosophy}} |2={{harvnb|Chimakonam|2023|loc=Lead Section, 6. Epochs in African Philosophy}} |3={{harvnb|Mangena|loc=Lead Section}} }}</ref> Systematic African philosophy emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. It discusses topics such as [[ethnophilosophy]], [[négritude]], [[pan-Africanism]], Marxism, [[postcolonialism]], the role of cultural identity, and the critique of [[Eurocentrism]].<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Chimakonam|2023|loc=Lead Section, 1. Introduction, 5. The Movements in African Philosophy, 6. Epochs in African Philosophy}} |2={{harvnb|Bell|Fernback|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1NuSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 44]}} |3={{harvnb|Coetzee|Roux|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8iz90Qo8G_oC&pg=PA88 88]}} }}</ref>