Original sin

===Church reaction===
Opposition to Augustine's ideas about original sin, which he had developed in reaction to [[Pelagianism]], arose rapidly.{{sfn|Wallace|Rusk|2011|pp=284–285}} After a long and bitter struggle several councils, especially the [[Second Council of Orange]] in 529, confirmed the general principles of Augustine's teaching within Western Christianity.{{sfn|Cross|1966|p=994}} However, while the Western Church condemned Pelagius, it did not endorse Augustine entirely and, while Augustine's authority was accepted, he was interpreted in the light of writers such as Cassian.{{sfn|González|1987|pp=58-}} Some of the followers of Augustine identified original sin with [[concupiscence]]{{efn|name=In Catholic theology|In Catholic theology, the meaning of the word "concupiscence" is the movement of the sensitive appetite contrary to the operation of the human reason. The apostle St Paul identifies it with the rebellion of the "flesh" against the "spirit". "Concupiscence stems from the disobedience of the first sin. It unsettles man's moral faculties and, without being in itself an offence, inclines man to commit sins."<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P8P.HTM ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'', n. 2515]</ref>}} in the psychological sense, but Saint [[Anselm of Canterbury]] challenged this identification in the 11th century, defining original sin as "privation of the righteousness that every man ought to possess", thus separating it from concupiscence. In the 12th century the identification of original sin with concupiscence was supported by [[Peter Lombard]] and others,{{sfn|Cross|1966|p=994}} but was rejected by the leading theologians in the next century, most notably by [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Aquinas distinguished the supernatural gifts of Adam before the fall from what was merely natural, and said that it was the former that were lost, privileges that enabled man to keep his inferior powers in submission to reason and directed to his supernatural end. Even after the fall, man thus kept his natural abilities of reason, will and passions. Rigorous Augustine-inspired views persisted among the [[Franciscans]], though the most prominent Franciscan theologians, such as [[Duns Scotus]] and [[William of Ockham]], eliminated the element of concupiscence and identified original sin with the loss of sanctifying grace.

Eastern Christian theology has questioned Western Christianity's ideas on original sin from the outset and does not promote the idea of inherited guilt.{{sfn|McGuckin|2010|p=}}